Reasons for the Limited Effects of the International Convention on the Arrest of Ships - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1597 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? Reasons for the Limited Effects of the International Convention on the Arrest of Ships Table of Contents Introduction History of Ship Arrests and Various Maritime Conventions Key Features of International Convention on the Arrest of Ships Reasons for limited effect of the Maritime convention Contradiction with RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Lack of clear definition Constantly changing Amendments Recommendations for Effective Implementations Introduction News about international ships getting arrested for crossing borders come up nearly every day. Though maritime technology is at its peak, acts of law violation creating severe diplomatic tension are in constant increase. The essay explores some important legal issues associated with the maritime regulatory development. It starts with the procedure of arrest of ships in historical times and analyzes the ratification status of the main maritime conventions of our time. It examines in detail the International convention on Arrest of ships adopted at Geneva and compares the practical difficulties encountered by the ships in following the rules and regulations of the convention. History of Ship Arrests and Various Maritime Conventions Each country has different laws and regulation when it comes to ship arrest. The USA and the Peoples Republic of China are considered as the main players in the industry as nearly 42% of the all imports in world are done by the USA. O ver 100 million containers filled with goods are exported from China alone to the US annually. The ship arrests laws of each country is closely linked with its history. Ships originally traded valuable goods like silk, spices and gold in ancient times. Chinese ships still dominated the ocean those days as fleets of ships carrying silk and other valuable set sail worldwide to sell their goods. Ships were confiscate those days by looters. It is said South Indian kings and the African inhabitants provided patrol forces to protect the ships crossing their sea line in exchange of gold, perhaps the first duty tax collection. These people set the basic maritime rules, stressing on proper ratification of every ship passing by. Ship arrests in the medieval age changed face with constant military conquests. Ships with ammunitions were often arrested fearing military attack. Trading ships carrying weapons for protection were often mistaken for military ships and attacked brutally. Hence, ch anges were made in the appearance of military and trading ships and flags were hoisted to notify what the ship carried. The current day national policy of the government with the neighboring countries affects the admiral jurisdiction taken by the maritime courts. In England an international ship can be arrested if there is a way to initiate the in rem action against it. The English strictly implements several laws drawn during the 1952 International Arrest convention. The Administration of Justice Act 1956 pointed out several changes in the convention with the view of serving practical purposes. But, England implements the old practices still based upon familiarity and ease of use. The US laws are mostly based on the UK maritime conventions. Scottish laws are also based on the UK laws predominantly. Arrest of ships is an issue of major importance to the trading community in the contemporary world as nearly 48% of the total goods involved in world trade are transported through sea. From machineries to perishable items and things ordered online, millions of items are loaded on huge containers everyday and imported or exported through sea. Crossing borders is a constant procedure for both the ships carrying day to day goods and the ones carrying ammunition. But, sadly there is no regularized global policy allowing secure transport of ships across the sea as each country has its own rules and regulations regarding marine transport. The 1952 Arrest Convention was the first global initiative to set common standard for all countries on how to treat the trading ships entering their territory. Here is a list of the some of the main laws which were drafted over time to regulate the arrest of ships since 1952. Among these various conventions, the 1999 International Convention on the Arrest of Ships drafted in Geneva is the most influential and recent one. The 1999 Arrest Convention is the most modern international regime that governs the procedure of arrest of ships in this decade. Compared to the 1952 Arrest convention, it presents a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wider definition of arrest and wider scope of applicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (UNCTAD, 2011). The list of claims in the 1952 Arrest convention has been extended to suit the modern needs. However this area of the law is still considered to be developing in the conventions and new amendments are made regularly to the claims. The convention addresses the discrimination between the Regional Trade Facilitation or RTA effectively through various progressive moves. Key Features of the International Convention on Arrest of Ships The convention drafted on March 12, 1999 in Geneva has 17 articles starting with definitions for key terms like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Arrestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hypothequeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It clearly explains what a Maritime Claim means in the first 22 points addressing every issue from the dispute between the owners of the ship to due charges to be paid in ports and docks. The various sub sections in the convention define who has the power to arrest the ship and the how right should be exercised legally. The convention gives ample importance to RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Since, the key focus for both the regional governments as well as the international ship operators is to earn profit the convention aims in minimizing the discrepancies arising out of following local laws pertained to each country. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Adopting a coherent approach to the negotiation and implementation of the new or existing regional and multilateral trade facilitation commitments by countries is critical in this respectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  says a review of the convention (UNCTAD, 2011). Reasons for limited effect of the Maritime convention Contradiction with RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s There are several contradictions between the jurisdictional rules and arrest conventions in nearly every country. The main objective of the co nvention is to reduce the complexity of the formalities involved in the international trade. If the multiple RTA rules interfere with, all crucial rules, there is no point in following an international protocol. Productive measures to minimize the RTA rules contradicting with the international convention should be taken. Discrimination for the ships of certain country trading ships should be avoided. The contract rules should apply equally to all the trading partners. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Apply preferential trade facilitation measures to all trading partnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  says the convention. The policymaking of the RTA should be modified in such a way it does not affect the trade relations with the particular countries. Since, each country in the world has several disputes with its immediate neighbors rather than major opponents this measure is not practically applicable when it comes to framing national policies. Lack of clear definition Arrest means ceasing a ship in a particul ar territory. But, the ship is free to more around as long as it does not enter a particular place. In case of mortgage or other ownership issues, RTA laws are used to protect the ships. Though there are many definitions regarding all maritime claim terms, many of them are interpreted in multiple ways by the lawyers to make the case move favorable for their clients. Clear definitions regarding key terms should be drawn to ensure they are not misused by the authorities in different countries. Constantly changing Amendments Article 12 and 13 of the convention clearly mentions if any procedure in the convention is in violation with the states laws, the state can notify it to the committee and get it changed before acceptance. States with more than one system of law can mention how far the rules are applicable in a particular area. Nearly 474 RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were presented to the WTO requesting state ratification on issues like goods and services security and duty amount re gulations. The points in nearly 351 RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s considered reasonable and added in the convention (UNCTAD, 2011). Such constant amendments and failure to notify them properly to all the related concerns only cause chaos. Free trade rules often does not recognize RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in interfering with the international property rights and government procurement. But, lack of communication and confusion in following the ever changing protocols make many officials stick to RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rather than the rules of the international convention. Recommendation for Effective Implementation Gaining international co-operation on the key laws and ensuring proper communication across the world regarding the standard set of procedures is a must. Amendments in the convention should be made only annually which will make it easy for the officials to follow the changes and keep themselves updated. Clear and well defined terminology which prevents all forms of misuse on the judicial side should be framed. Effective steps to route ships from problematic neighbors in an alternate path should also be taken. Proper measures to ensure the laws are followed strictly will bring the issue to an end. The countries which sign the convention should be made to agree to the key strategies and agendas in the convention rather than bringing up their own RTA rules constantly. Conclusion The International Convention on the arrest of ships has little or no effect in solving maritime claims owing to their sophisticated procedures and easily foreseeable laws. Framed with the good intention of easing and securing the marine transport, the convention had played a significant role in regularizing various maritime claims. It will continue to do so if certain steps are taken to implement the strategies stated in the convention by all the nations in the world. References Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reasons for the Limited Effects of the International Convention on the Arrest of Ships" essay for you Create order International Convention on the Arrest of Ships (1999) lt;https://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/arrest1999.htmlgt;accessed 8th March 2014 Review of Maritime Transport 2011, Report by the UNCTAD secretariat (United Nations, 2011) 129

Blah - 13832 Words

Nombre ———————————————————— Clase ———————— Fecha ————— Goal: Talk 1 about activities. Put an X next to each activity that you do in your Spanish classroom. andar en patineta 1. 2. X leer un libro 3. X estudiar comprar un helado 4. 5. 2 X aprender el espaà ±ol Talk about what you like to do. Complete the following sentences with a word or expression from the vocabulary. te gusta 1. A ti  ¿quà © 2. A mà ­ me gusta montar en 3. Me gusta preparar la 4. Copyright  © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifï ¬â€šin Company. Level 1, pp. 32-36 UNIDAD 1 †¢ Vocabulario A Leccià ³n 1 Vocabulario A Los sà ¡bados me gusta 3 hacer? bicicleta comida alquilar . . un†¦show more content†¦3.  ¿Quà © te gusta hacer mà ¡s, alquilar un DVD o andar en patineta? Answers will vary: Me gusta mà ¡s alquilar un DVD. 4.  ¿Quà © te gusta hacer mà ¡s, pasear o trabajar? Answers will vary: Me gusta mà ¡s pasear. 2 Unidad 1, Leccià ³n 1 Vocabulario B  ¡Avancemos! 1 Cuaderno: Prà ¡ctica por niveles Copyright  © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifï ¬â€šin Company. UNIDAD 1 †¢ Vocabulario B Leccià ³n 1 Nombre ———————————————————— Clase ———————— Fecha ————— Nombre ———————————————————— Clase ———————— Fecha ————— Goal: Talk 1 Level 1, pp. 32-36 about activities.  ¿Quà © te gusta hacer? Complete these sentences using the appropriate words from the vocabulary. escuchar 1. Despuà ©s de las clases me gusta 2. Los sà ¡bados y domingos no me gusta estudiar o hacer 3. Antes de practicar deportes me gusta beber 4. Los sà ¡bados me gusta 2 pasar mà ºsica. agua/jugo la tarea . . un rato con los amigos. Make a list of six things that you like or do not like to eat and drink. modelo: Comer (No) Me gusta comer papas fritas. Beber 1. Answers will vary: Me gusta comer fruta. 1. Answers will vary: Me gusta beber agua. 2. No me gusta comer galletas. 2. 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Robert M Lafollette Free Essays

Vocation: Politician- was youngest member of United States House of Representatives at age 29 in 1884, Senator of Wisconsin, Progressive party representative candidate (1912), one-time presidential candidate (1924). Lawyer- district attorney in Wisconsin; ran a successful legal firm in Wisconsin. Background: †¢Family: Born into a poor but respectable family in Dane County, Wisconsin. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert M Lafollette or any similar topic only for you Order Now Father died eight months after Robert’s birth. Mother worked extremely hard to support her four children. Married Belle Case LaFollette and had 4 children including Robert M. LaFollette Jr. , and Philip Fox La Follette, both of whom followed Robert Sr. into politics. A gifted speaker, he considered pursuing a career in acting, but was instead driven to law by need to support family. †¢Education: Attended University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin Law School. He supported himself by teaching school and editing the school periodical at university. †¢Legal Life: Admitted as an attorney into the Wisconsin bar in 1880. Within a year he had been elected district attorney of Dane County, Wisconsin. Was in United States House of Representatives for three terms, from 1884-1890. After tenure there, he returned to work at his prosperous legal firm. Become governor of Wisconsin in 1900. Moved from governor to United States Senate in 1906, where he served as an active member of the progressive division of the Republican Party until death in 1925. Disliked by many members of the Senate due to his non-conforming ways and fiercely honest manner. Defining Moment: A few months after his failure to earn re-election into Congress, LaFollette was approached by another state Republican leader who offered him a bribe to fix a court case against several former state officials (LaFollette did not accept). Contributions: As governor, he created corporate tax and implemented â€Å"The Wisconsin Idea†, a plan to use government as an agent of social and political reform. LaFollette worked on reforming taxes, railroads, banking, conservation, insurance, public service, and industrial problems. When Woodrow Wilson won the election in 1912, he adopted many of LaFollette’s political ideas. They worked together to create the Department of Labor and the Federal Trade Commission. LaFollette fought for higher work wages and better working conditions. He also advocated women’s suffrage and civil rights for ethnic minorities. His ideas impacted entire 20th century. They led to laws benefiting the working class and even larger changes during presidential tenures of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson. How to cite Robert M Lafollette, Essay examples

Wireless Sensor Network and RFID †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Sensor Network and RFID. Answer: Introduction: The scenario here is the construction of the new and innovative Collins Car Parking System such that the car parking can be maintained properly. The Collins Car Parking System is a Melbourne based car parking system that aims to provide various facilities to the customers. It has differentiated facilities provided for different types of customers such as those of regular customer who pay the bill each time they utilize the car parking and other customers who are fixed ones who pay some fixed amount in advance such that they would park their vehicles for weeks, months and year (Kotb et al., 2016). The ordinary ticket issued is for a smaller duration of time. The car parking system is autonomous, as the arrival of the car is detected by the presence of the sensor. However, the numbers of car parking systems are less thus; there is a great demand for the Collins Car Parking System. Moreover, the car parking system is easy and simple to be handled by the users. The autonomous car parking system is highly efficient and creates hassle free car parking facilities for the citizens of Melbourne. The car parking system also keeps a regulatory check on the network connections (Mahmud et al., 2013). the parking system poses a limit on the number of cars that can be parked. Thus, the expansion of the business would bring in huge amount of benefits to the Collins. The construction of the car parking system requires a sensor under the road surface so as to detect the approaching car. It also requires buttons that must be pressed for the ticket generation. Printer is also required for printing the ticket and a control pillar for displaying instructions to the user. System software is also needed as it maintains the count of the car as well as software that maintains the entire process from ticket generation to the exit of the user from the park (Ma Mohammed, 2014). Other requirements include the slot for inserting the fixed ticket and software for keeping a check on the validity of the fixed ticket. A barrier is required for permitting the entrance and exit of the car from the parking (Palevi?ius et al., 2013). Moreover, it requires security measures to maintain the details of the fixed customers appropriately. A payment section is also required that would deal with the payment methods. Moreover, the payment section is digitalized involving dig ital payment via card, which requires more enhanced security measures (Myers, Garrison Carlson, 2017). The other constraint in the business is the low availability if the land available. Car Parking System capabilities The car parking system is incorporated with various features that make the car parking facility very enhanced and simple to be utilized by the users. Some of the capabilities of the Collins Car Parking System are mentioned below: Capability to accommodate huge number of cars in a small space. Optimized car parking system. Safety measures for the details of the fixed customers. The expected delay in the parking and retrieval of car is not more than 5 minutes. Eco friendly car parking system. The ticket booking is simpler to use. The sensor based detection of car is fast and accurate. Minimum delay is encountered. Accessing of the car parking system of Collins is simple and convenient. Business Benefits The number of the car parking system in Melbourne is low thus the customers do not find proper way to park their cars. Hence, the business of the car parking system would gain immense profit to the Collins. Moreover, the simplicity of the usage of the car parking system also encompasses huge number of customers which further incorporated more customers and hence gains more profit (Stefik et al., 2014). Furthermore, the expansion of the car parking system will also enhance the business as it will further attract more number of customers. The other car parking system have no provision for the protection and security of the customers data but the security of the data of the fixed customers by the Collins car parking system also enhances the confidence of the customers and attracts a huge number of customers, thus providing huge amount of benefits to the company (Patil Bhonge, 2013). The much advanced processing of the system also adds on to more number of customers. The car parking system also keeps a regular check on the working condition of the machines and sensors such that the users do not face any problems. The expansion of the Collins car parking system would also increase the number of customers as there are a few car parking facilities available (Barone et al., 2013). It provides easy booking of the tickets not only for shorter interval of time but also for longer durations can be extended up to a years time. The upgradation to the android application also creates huge number of customers (Bonde et al., 2014) Resources Required The construction and maintenance of the Collins Car parking system requires various resources that are mentioned below: Infrastructure Availability of land Administrative team Management team The policy makers of the car parking system. Maintenance team Accounts department A team to view and incorporate the customer review Dispute handling team Risks involved in the Collins Car Parking System There are various risks involved in the Collins car parking system. The major risk with the car parking business is the lack of land availability. There may be instances of shortage of land and thus the proper infrastructure could not be created. Moreover, there may be instances of data breaches as advanced security procedures are not implemented such as encryption to secure the data (Kitchin, 2016). In addition to these issues, there may be instances of the system failure in which the system would be incapable of generating tickets or other system faults that may create havoc for the customers. The presence of ATM system would provide numerous facilities to the customers. It would enable them to book tickets and allots the parking areas to them. The secure and proper cars parking system attracts huge number of customers and thereby gains huge profits. Moreover, the facilities provided by the car parking system attract huge number of customers. In addition to these factors the cost for the car parking is also low, thus provides an eye catching scenario to the customers. Reference Barone, R. E., Giuffr, T., Siniscalchi, S. M., Morgano, M. A., Tesoriere, G. (2013). Architecture for parking management in smart cities.IET Intelligent Transport Systems,8(5), 445-452. Bonde, D. J., Shende, R. S., Kedari, A. S., Gaikwad, K. S., Bhokre, A. U. (2014, January). Automated car parking system commanded by Android application. InComputer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Kitchin, R. (2016). Getting smarter about smart cities: Improving data privacy and data security. Kotb, A. O., Shen, Y. C., Zhu, X., Huang, Y. (2016). iParkerA new smart car-parking system based on dynamic resource allocation and pricing.IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,17(9), 2637-2647. Ma, T., Mohammed, O. A. (2014). Optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicles for a car-park infrastructure.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,50(4), 2323-2330. Mahmud, S. A., Khan, G. M., Rahman, M., Zafar, H. (2013). A survey of intelligent car parking system.Journal of applied research and technology,11(5), 714-726. Myers, J., Garrison, S., Carlson, M. (2017).U.S. Patent No. 9,760,882. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Palevi?ius, V., Paliulis, G. M., Venckauskaite, J., Vengrys, B. (2013). Evaluation of the requirement for passenger car parking spaces using multi-criteria methods.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,19(1), 49-58. Patil, M., Bhonge, V. N. (2013). Wireless sensor network and RFID for smart parking system.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,3(4), 188-192. Stefik, M. J., Bell, A. G., Eldershaw, C., Good, L. E., Greene, D. H., Torres, F. E., ... Cummins, D. P. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,799,037. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.