Reasons for the Limited Effects of the International Convention on the Arrest of Ships - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1597 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? Reasons for the Limited Effects of the International Convention on the Arrest of Ships Table of Contents Introduction History of Ship Arrests and Various Maritime Conventions Key Features of International Convention on the Arrest of Ships Reasons for limited effect of the Maritime convention Contradiction with RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Lack of clear definition Constantly changing Amendments Recommendations for Effective Implementations Introduction News about international ships getting arrested for crossing borders come up nearly every day. Though maritime technology is at its peak, acts of law violation creating severe diplomatic tension are in constant increase. The essay explores some important legal issues associated with the maritime regulatory development. It starts with the procedure of arrest of ships in historical times and analyzes the ratification status of the main maritime conventions of our time. It examines in detail the International convention on Arrest of ships adopted at Geneva and compares the practical difficulties encountered by the ships in following the rules and regulations of the convention. History of Ship Arrests and Various Maritime Conventions Each country has different laws and regulation when it comes to ship arrest. The USA and the Peoples Republic of China are considered as the main players in the industry as nearly 42% of the all imports in world are done by the USA. O ver 100 million containers filled with goods are exported from China alone to the US annually. The ship arrests laws of each country is closely linked with its history. Ships originally traded valuable goods like silk, spices and gold in ancient times. Chinese ships still dominated the ocean those days as fleets of ships carrying silk and other valuable set sail worldwide to sell their goods. Ships were confiscate those days by looters. It is said South Indian kings and the African inhabitants provided patrol forces to protect the ships crossing their sea line in exchange of gold, perhaps the first duty tax collection. These people set the basic maritime rules, stressing on proper ratification of every ship passing by. Ship arrests in the medieval age changed face with constant military conquests. Ships with ammunitions were often arrested fearing military attack. Trading ships carrying weapons for protection were often mistaken for military ships and attacked brutally. Hence, ch anges were made in the appearance of military and trading ships and flags were hoisted to notify what the ship carried. The current day national policy of the government with the neighboring countries affects the admiral jurisdiction taken by the maritime courts. In England an international ship can be arrested if there is a way to initiate the in rem action against it. The English strictly implements several laws drawn during the 1952 International Arrest convention. The Administration of Justice Act 1956 pointed out several changes in the convention with the view of serving practical purposes. But, England implements the old practices still based upon familiarity and ease of use. The US laws are mostly based on the UK maritime conventions. Scottish laws are also based on the UK laws predominantly. Arrest of ships is an issue of major importance to the trading community in the contemporary world as nearly 48% of the total goods involved in world trade are transported through sea. From machineries to perishable items and things ordered online, millions of items are loaded on huge containers everyday and imported or exported through sea. Crossing borders is a constant procedure for both the ships carrying day to day goods and the ones carrying ammunition. But, sadly there is no regularized global policy allowing secure transport of ships across the sea as each country has its own rules and regulations regarding marine transport. The 1952 Arrest Convention was the first global initiative to set common standard for all countries on how to treat the trading ships entering their territory. Here is a list of the some of the main laws which were drafted over time to regulate the arrest of ships since 1952. Among these various conventions, the 1999 International Convention on the Arrest of Ships drafted in Geneva is the most influential and recent one. The 1999 Arrest Convention is the most modern international regime that governs the procedure of arrest of ships in this decade. Compared to the 1952 Arrest convention, it presents a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wider definition of arrest and wider scope of applicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (UNCTAD, 2011). The list of claims in the 1952 Arrest convention has been extended to suit the modern needs. However this area of the law is still considered to be developing in the conventions and new amendments are made regularly to the claims. The convention addresses the discrimination between the Regional Trade Facilitation or RTA effectively through various progressive moves. Key Features of the International Convention on Arrest of Ships The convention drafted on March 12, 1999 in Geneva has 17 articles starting with definitions for key terms like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Arrestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hypothequeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It clearly explains what a Maritime Claim means in the first 22 points addressing every issue from the dispute between the owners of the ship to due charges to be paid in ports and docks. The various sub sections in the convention define who has the power to arrest the ship and the how right should be exercised legally. The convention gives ample importance to RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Since, the key focus for both the regional governments as well as the international ship operators is to earn profit the convention aims in minimizing the discrepancies arising out of following local laws pertained to each country. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Adopting a coherent approach to the negotiation and implementation of the new or existing regional and multilateral trade facilitation commitments by countries is critical in this respectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  says a review of the convention (UNCTAD, 2011). Reasons for limited effect of the Maritime convention Contradiction with RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s There are several contradictions between the jurisdictional rules and arrest conventions in nearly every country. The main objective of the co nvention is to reduce the complexity of the formalities involved in the international trade. If the multiple RTA rules interfere with, all crucial rules, there is no point in following an international protocol. Productive measures to minimize the RTA rules contradicting with the international convention should be taken. Discrimination for the ships of certain country trading ships should be avoided. The contract rules should apply equally to all the trading partners. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Apply preferential trade facilitation measures to all trading partnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  says the convention. The policymaking of the RTA should be modified in such a way it does not affect the trade relations with the particular countries. Since, each country in the world has several disputes with its immediate neighbors rather than major opponents this measure is not practically applicable when it comes to framing national policies. Lack of clear definition Arrest means ceasing a ship in a particul ar territory. But, the ship is free to more around as long as it does not enter a particular place. In case of mortgage or other ownership issues, RTA laws are used to protect the ships. Though there are many definitions regarding all maritime claim terms, many of them are interpreted in multiple ways by the lawyers to make the case move favorable for their clients. Clear definitions regarding key terms should be drawn to ensure they are not misused by the authorities in different countries. Constantly changing Amendments Article 12 and 13 of the convention clearly mentions if any procedure in the convention is in violation with the states laws, the state can notify it to the committee and get it changed before acceptance. States with more than one system of law can mention how far the rules are applicable in a particular area. Nearly 474 RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were presented to the WTO requesting state ratification on issues like goods and services security and duty amount re gulations. The points in nearly 351 RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s considered reasonable and added in the convention (UNCTAD, 2011). Such constant amendments and failure to notify them properly to all the related concerns only cause chaos. Free trade rules often does not recognize RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in interfering with the international property rights and government procurement. But, lack of communication and confusion in following the ever changing protocols make many officials stick to RTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rather than the rules of the international convention. Recommendation for Effective Implementation Gaining international co-operation on the key laws and ensuring proper communication across the world regarding the standard set of procedures is a must. Amendments in the convention should be made only annually which will make it easy for the officials to follow the changes and keep themselves updated. Clear and well defined terminology which prevents all forms of misuse on the judicial side should be framed. Effective steps to route ships from problematic neighbors in an alternate path should also be taken. Proper measures to ensure the laws are followed strictly will bring the issue to an end. The countries which sign the convention should be made to agree to the key strategies and agendas in the convention rather than bringing up their own RTA rules constantly. Conclusion The International Convention on the arrest of ships has little or no effect in solving maritime claims owing to their sophisticated procedures and easily foreseeable laws. Framed with the good intention of easing and securing the marine transport, the convention had played a significant role in regularizing various maritime claims. It will continue to do so if certain steps are taken to implement the strategies stated in the convention by all the nations in the world. References Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reasons for the Limited Effects of the International Convention on the Arrest of Ships" essay for you Create order International Convention on the Arrest of Ships (1999) lt;https://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/arrest1999.htmlgt;accessed 8th March 2014 Review of Maritime Transport 2011, Report by the UNCTAD secretariat (United Nations, 2011) 129

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Answers will vary: Me gusta mà ¡s pasear. 2 Unidad 1, Leccià ³n 1 Vocabulario B  ¡Avancemos! 1 Cuaderno: Prà ¡ctica por niveles Copyright  © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifï ¬â€šin Company. UNIDAD 1 †¢ Vocabulario B Leccià ³n 1 Nombre ———————————————————— Clase ———————— Fecha ————— Nombre ———————————————————— Clase ———————— Fecha ————— Goal: Talk 1 Level 1, pp. 32-36 about activities.  ¿Quà © te gusta hacer? Complete these sentences using the appropriate words from the vocabulary. escuchar 1. Despuà ©s de las clases me gusta 2. Los sà ¡bados y domingos no me gusta estudiar o hacer 3. Antes de practicar deportes me gusta beber 4. Los sà ¡bados me gusta 2 pasar mà ºsica. agua/jugo la tarea . . un rato con los amigos. Make a list of six things that you like or do not like to eat and drink. modelo: Comer (No) Me gusta comer papas fritas. Beber 1. Answers will vary: Me gusta comer fruta. 1. Answers will vary: Me gusta beber agua. 2. No me gusta comer galletas. 2. 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Robert M Lafollette Free Essays

Vocation: Politician- was youngest member of United States House of Representatives at age 29 in 1884, Senator of Wisconsin, Progressive party representative candidate (1912), one-time presidential candidate (1924). Lawyer- district attorney in Wisconsin; ran a successful legal firm in Wisconsin. Background: †¢Family: Born into a poor but respectable family in Dane County, Wisconsin. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert M Lafollette or any similar topic only for you Order Now Father died eight months after Robert’s birth. Mother worked extremely hard to support her four children. Married Belle Case LaFollette and had 4 children including Robert M. LaFollette Jr. , and Philip Fox La Follette, both of whom followed Robert Sr. into politics. A gifted speaker, he considered pursuing a career in acting, but was instead driven to law by need to support family. †¢Education: Attended University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin Law School. He supported himself by teaching school and editing the school periodical at university. †¢Legal Life: Admitted as an attorney into the Wisconsin bar in 1880. Within a year he had been elected district attorney of Dane County, Wisconsin. Was in United States House of Representatives for three terms, from 1884-1890. After tenure there, he returned to work at his prosperous legal firm. Become governor of Wisconsin in 1900. Moved from governor to United States Senate in 1906, where he served as an active member of the progressive division of the Republican Party until death in 1925. Disliked by many members of the Senate due to his non-conforming ways and fiercely honest manner. Defining Moment: A few months after his failure to earn re-election into Congress, LaFollette was approached by another state Republican leader who offered him a bribe to fix a court case against several former state officials (LaFollette did not accept). Contributions: As governor, he created corporate tax and implemented â€Å"The Wisconsin Idea†, a plan to use government as an agent of social and political reform. LaFollette worked on reforming taxes, railroads, banking, conservation, insurance, public service, and industrial problems. When Woodrow Wilson won the election in 1912, he adopted many of LaFollette’s political ideas. They worked together to create the Department of Labor and the Federal Trade Commission. LaFollette fought for higher work wages and better working conditions. He also advocated women’s suffrage and civil rights for ethnic minorities. His ideas impacted entire 20th century. They led to laws benefiting the working class and even larger changes during presidential tenures of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson. How to cite Robert M Lafollette, Essay examples

Wireless Sensor Network and RFID †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Sensor Network and RFID. Answer: Introduction: The scenario here is the construction of the new and innovative Collins Car Parking System such that the car parking can be maintained properly. The Collins Car Parking System is a Melbourne based car parking system that aims to provide various facilities to the customers. It has differentiated facilities provided for different types of customers such as those of regular customer who pay the bill each time they utilize the car parking and other customers who are fixed ones who pay some fixed amount in advance such that they would park their vehicles for weeks, months and year (Kotb et al., 2016). The ordinary ticket issued is for a smaller duration of time. The car parking system is autonomous, as the arrival of the car is detected by the presence of the sensor. However, the numbers of car parking systems are less thus; there is a great demand for the Collins Car Parking System. Moreover, the car parking system is easy and simple to be handled by the users. The autonomous car parking system is highly efficient and creates hassle free car parking facilities for the citizens of Melbourne. The car parking system also keeps a regulatory check on the network connections (Mahmud et al., 2013). the parking system poses a limit on the number of cars that can be parked. Thus, the expansion of the business would bring in huge amount of benefits to the Collins. The construction of the car parking system requires a sensor under the road surface so as to detect the approaching car. It also requires buttons that must be pressed for the ticket generation. Printer is also required for printing the ticket and a control pillar for displaying instructions to the user. System software is also needed as it maintains the count of the car as well as software that maintains the entire process from ticket generation to the exit of the user from the park (Ma Mohammed, 2014). Other requirements include the slot for inserting the fixed ticket and software for keeping a check on the validity of the fixed ticket. A barrier is required for permitting the entrance and exit of the car from the parking (Palevi?ius et al., 2013). Moreover, it requires security measures to maintain the details of the fixed customers appropriately. A payment section is also required that would deal with the payment methods. Moreover, the payment section is digitalized involving dig ital payment via card, which requires more enhanced security measures (Myers, Garrison Carlson, 2017). The other constraint in the business is the low availability if the land available. Car Parking System capabilities The car parking system is incorporated with various features that make the car parking facility very enhanced and simple to be utilized by the users. Some of the capabilities of the Collins Car Parking System are mentioned below: Capability to accommodate huge number of cars in a small space. Optimized car parking system. Safety measures for the details of the fixed customers. The expected delay in the parking and retrieval of car is not more than 5 minutes. Eco friendly car parking system. The ticket booking is simpler to use. The sensor based detection of car is fast and accurate. Minimum delay is encountered. Accessing of the car parking system of Collins is simple and convenient. Business Benefits The number of the car parking system in Melbourne is low thus the customers do not find proper way to park their cars. Hence, the business of the car parking system would gain immense profit to the Collins. Moreover, the simplicity of the usage of the car parking system also encompasses huge number of customers which further incorporated more customers and hence gains more profit (Stefik et al., 2014). Furthermore, the expansion of the car parking system will also enhance the business as it will further attract more number of customers. The other car parking system have no provision for the protection and security of the customers data but the security of the data of the fixed customers by the Collins car parking system also enhances the confidence of the customers and attracts a huge number of customers, thus providing huge amount of benefits to the company (Patil Bhonge, 2013). The much advanced processing of the system also adds on to more number of customers. The car parking system also keeps a regular check on the working condition of the machines and sensors such that the users do not face any problems. The expansion of the Collins car parking system would also increase the number of customers as there are a few car parking facilities available (Barone et al., 2013). It provides easy booking of the tickets not only for shorter interval of time but also for longer durations can be extended up to a years time. The upgradation to the android application also creates huge number of customers (Bonde et al., 2014) Resources Required The construction and maintenance of the Collins Car parking system requires various resources that are mentioned below: Infrastructure Availability of land Administrative team Management team The policy makers of the car parking system. Maintenance team Accounts department A team to view and incorporate the customer review Dispute handling team Risks involved in the Collins Car Parking System There are various risks involved in the Collins car parking system. The major risk with the car parking business is the lack of land availability. There may be instances of shortage of land and thus the proper infrastructure could not be created. Moreover, there may be instances of data breaches as advanced security procedures are not implemented such as encryption to secure the data (Kitchin, 2016). In addition to these issues, there may be instances of the system failure in which the system would be incapable of generating tickets or other system faults that may create havoc for the customers. The presence of ATM system would provide numerous facilities to the customers. It would enable them to book tickets and allots the parking areas to them. The secure and proper cars parking system attracts huge number of customers and thereby gains huge profits. Moreover, the facilities provided by the car parking system attract huge number of customers. In addition to these factors the cost for the car parking is also low, thus provides an eye catching scenario to the customers. Reference Barone, R. E., Giuffr, T., Siniscalchi, S. M., Morgano, M. A., Tesoriere, G. (2013). Architecture for parking management in smart cities.IET Intelligent Transport Systems,8(5), 445-452. Bonde, D. J., Shende, R. S., Kedari, A. S., Gaikwad, K. S., Bhokre, A. U. (2014, January). Automated car parking system commanded by Android application. InComputer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Kitchin, R. (2016). Getting smarter about smart cities: Improving data privacy and data security. Kotb, A. O., Shen, Y. C., Zhu, X., Huang, Y. (2016). iParkerA new smart car-parking system based on dynamic resource allocation and pricing.IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,17(9), 2637-2647. Ma, T., Mohammed, O. A. (2014). Optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicles for a car-park infrastructure.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,50(4), 2323-2330. Mahmud, S. A., Khan, G. M., Rahman, M., Zafar, H. (2013). A survey of intelligent car parking system.Journal of applied research and technology,11(5), 714-726. Myers, J., Garrison, S., Carlson, M. (2017).U.S. Patent No. 9,760,882. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Palevi?ius, V., Paliulis, G. M., Venckauskaite, J., Vengrys, B. (2013). Evaluation of the requirement for passenger car parking spaces using multi-criteria methods.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,19(1), 49-58. Patil, M., Bhonge, V. N. (2013). Wireless sensor network and RFID for smart parking system.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,3(4), 188-192. Stefik, M. J., Bell, A. G., Eldershaw, C., Good, L. E., Greene, D. H., Torres, F. E., ... Cummins, D. P. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,799,037. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

HIV and AIDS free essay sample

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The development of Rousseau and Raskolnikov in Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment and Camus The Outsider

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Motivational methods - Essay Example Managers take care of factors that influence the performance of workers working at the grass-root level. Such factors include but are not limited to salary, accommodation, duty hours, leave, reward and promotion etc. This paper aims at discussing three ways in which workers’ motivation can be increased. The three motivation increasing methods can be derived from Alderfer’s ERG theory which is briefly discussed below: Alderfer’s ERG theory: Alderfer devised the ERG theory of motivation where E, R and G stand for existences, relatedness and growth needs respectively. Alderfer’s ERG theory states that managers need to take care of all of these needs at the same time, and should not focus upon addressing 1 or 2 of these to increase the workers’ motivation at a particular time, because this may not necessarily motivate the workers. The existence needs identified by Alderfer include safety and basic physiological needs, relatedness needs correspond to the workers’ needs of sociology and external esteem while the growth needs address the workers’ concerns about their self actualization and internal esteem (NetMBA, 2010). Although Alderfer has proposed a hierarchical order for these three needs, yet he maintains that an individual looks for the satisfaction of each of the three needs simultaneously, and may not wait one need to be accomplished to strive for the fulfillment of the other two. Alderfer’s ERG theory model (Business Education, 2010). Alderfer grants that an individual prefers to fulfill his/her existence needs over relatedness needs, and relatedness needs over growth needs, though Alderfer maintains that the order of needs may vary from individual to individual and thus, may not always remain the same. Alderfer’s ERG theory works on the frustration-regression principle which means that if a higher level need of an individual is not met, the individual may regress to a lower level need that is re latively simpler to be met. Alderfer’s ERG theory implies that managers should realize that workers are struggling to fulfill each of the three needs simultaneously. Therefore, managers should take steps to meet each of the three needs of workers at the same time. In view of the Alderfer’s ERG theory, following three methods of motivation enhancement can be proposed: Managers can motivate workers by meeting their existence needs: Existence needs of workers can be met by increasing their safety conditions and providing them with medical and health facilities. This can be achieved by offering the workers’ compensation insurance, accommodation with work, providing the workers with personal protective equipment while they are on the site, and also addressing their food related concerns as food is a fundamental means of satisfying the physiological needs. Managers can motivate workers by meeting their relatedness needs: Workers’ relatedness needs can be addres sed by providing them with opportunities to socialize with their friends and families. Even within the work environment, workers’ relatedness needs can be met by helping them develop close bonds with their peers and coworkers. Interaction among coworkers is becoming increasingly difficult in the contemporary business practices that encourage multiculturalism in the workforce. Workers from different cultures are likely to develop conflicts on the base of culture, and avoid each

The impact of digital technologies on young children's learning in Research Proposal

The impact of digital technologies on young children's learning in Saudi kindergartens - Research Proposal Example Morrow and Smith (2000, p. 201) asserted that understanding and explaining a phenomenon as the main purpose for any qualitative research. On the other hand, Cho & Trent (2006, p. 320) defined qualitative research as a systematic procedure of comprehension that is based on different conventional methods of inquiry that seek to explain a human or social problem. In addition, it enables a researcher carry out an investigation in a natural setting and be able to develop a complex and holistic picture of a social problem. Thus, the use of qualitative research enabled the researcher to study the impact of digital technologies on young childrens learning in Saudi kindergartens because the kindergarten institutions were located in a natural set up. Castaneda, Rakhsha and Morrow (2001, p. 578) observed that qualitative research is ideal in investigating issues that have a multicultural dimensions such as the study under question. The main research question that this study is aimed to answer is, what is the impact of digital technologies on young childrens learning in Saudi kindergartens? The study will also address the following research subsections: In the contemporary society, almost each and every service offered by both the public and private sectors have become digitized and automated (Quinn, Doorley & Paquette, 2013, p. 1). Quinn et al. (2013, p. 7) pointed out that because of the rapid change in technological advancements in the modern day, businesses and organizations have had to change their tactics in the market by utilizing digital technologies in their organizational structure and provision of services in order to remain relevant in the highly competitive global market. Governments around the world have also recognized the significance of the various digital technologies in maintaining a sustainable economy (Australian

How Are Program Libraries Concatenated Assignment - 1

How Are Program Libraries Concatenated - Assignment Example Concatenation allows the data sets to be processed in a sequence automatically (Ebbers et al., 2011). Â  - NEW designate that a new data set will be developed. The job has a unique access to the data set while it is running. Additionally, the data set should not exist on the same volume containing the new data, set or be in the system or user catalog (Ebbers et al., 2012). Â  - SHR shows that a data set is already existing and that various concurrent jobs are able to share access and at the same time run. Mainly, all concurrent jobs should specify SHR (Ebbers et al., 2012). Â  DISP=NEW shows that a file is new and does not exist in the system. DISP=OLD is used to show that a file will be overwritten, and hence the old data will disappear and replaced with new data. DISP=MOD implies that a new data is to be added at the end of a file (Ebbers et al., 2012). Â  An indexed VSAM file is used when the data sets are held in control areas (CA) and control intervals (CI). The indexed VSAM file is used when the records are ordered according to a collating sequence of an embedded prime key field. Also, it is used where the order of the records is fixed or where the records are commanded by their relative key. In addition, VSAM files are used to insert new records into a suitable place in a file as well as the records that follow, which are moved to a new location. The VSAM file is used when there is no need for reorganization (Singh, 2011). Â  The advantage of using a VSAM file is that various datasets are accessed efficiently and quickly because of its organization. Another advantage is that records are inserted in an effective way. The disadvantage of VSAM file usage is that the records are deleted from the disk physically rather than being removed logically (Somnath, 2010). Â  - IEBGENER is a utility that copies one sequential data set to another.

Pathophysiology Of Dvt Formation Health And Social Care Essay

Pathophysiology Of Dvt Formation Health And Social Care Essay DVT is the result of a number of factors that include stasis of blood, endothelial injury and hypercoagulability of blood. PE is a major complication of DVT and occurs when a thrombus or blood clot detaches itself and is carried by the blood stream to the lungs. [J32] Proximal DVT carries a higher risk of PE than distal DVT. [J30, Havig] We focused on proximal DVT because it is much more reliably detected by ultrasonography and is considered to be clinically more important. [J53: 11,12, à §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ½K list,à §Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¹] DVT can occur in any veins. (near neck, etc.) However, it is not including in this literature review becauseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Upper limb DVT is being reported, particularly associated with central venous catheters. (K66, from J20:54) After a stroke, blood clots can form in the veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis, or DVT). These clots can break off and be carried in the blood stream to the heart and lungs (causing pulmonary embolism). This can be life threatening. [J30] Deep venous thrombosis may lead to pulmonary emboli, a frequent cause of avoidable deaths. [K52, from J53:1] Virchows triad The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DVT include venous stasis and hypercoagulability linked to an increase in thrombin formation and platelet hyperactivity (Virchow 1858). [J30] The occurrence of one or more factors of Virchows triad (stasis of blood, endothelial injury and hypercoagulability of blood) in the venous system often leads to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (Virchow 1858). [J18] DVT = PE = (à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¾PEà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾incidence mortality rate (acute + Rehab) J43 P263 have) Lower extremity DVT can be anatomically be divided into proximal DVT involving the popliteal vein and proximal veins or distal DVT involving the calf vein and distal veins. [J59] DVT in the paralyzed legs of patients with stroke was reported as early as 1810 by Ferriar and again by Lobstein in 1833. [J45] Pathophysiology of DVT formation According to the Medsurg, Venous return is aided by the calf muscle pump. When the legs are inactive or the pump is ineffective, blood pools by gravity in the veins. Thrombus development is a local process. It begins by platelet adherence to the endothelium. Several factors promote platelet aggregation, including thrombin, fibrin, activated factor X, and catecholamines. In addition, where the platelets adhere to collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is released. ADP is also released from the damaged tissues and disrupted platelets. ADP produces platelet aggregation that results in a platelet plug. Deep vein thrombi vary from 1mm in diameter to long tubular masses filing main veins. Small thrombi are found commonly in the pocket of deep vein valves. As thrombi become larger in diameter and length, they obstruct the veins, the resulting inflammatory process can destroy the valves of the veins; thus; venous insufficiency and postphlebitic syndrome are initiated. Newly formed thrombi may become pulmonary emboli. Probably 24 to 48 hours after formation, thrombi undergo lysis or become organized and adhere to the vessel wall. Lysis diminishes the risk of embolization. Pulmonary emboli, most of which start as thrombi in the large deep veins of the leg, are an acute and potentially lethal complication of DVT. Venous thrombosis is the process of clot (thrombus) formation within veins. Although this can occur in any venous system, the predominant clinical events occur in the vessels of the leg, giving rise to deep vein thrombosis, or in the lungs, resulting in a pulmonary embolus (PE). [J56] In fact, about 90% of DVT are of the ascending type. The potential for embolism depends on the speed and the extent of the dynamic, ascending clot growing process. Almost all clinical PE originate from distal DVT. Only the remaining 10% are derived from clots without connection to the lower leg veins (e.g. isolated iliac vein thrombosis, transfascial great or small saphenous vein thrombosis, subclavian vein thrombosis, or catheter-related thrombosis). [J58] Damage to the epithelial cell lining of the blood vessel is one of the extrinsic factors triggering the clotting cascade. The damaged endothelium attempts to maintain vascular integrity by adhesion and aggregation of platelets. As the clotting cascade continues, the final step is the formation of thrombin, which leads to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and the formation of a fibrin clot. (Arcangelo Peterson, 2006) (from K84, J40: Arcangelo) Abnormal blood clots that adhere to the vessel wall are known as thrombi. These are composed of blood cells, platelets, and fibrin. Arterial thrombi are composed mainly of platelet aggregates and fibrin. Venous thrombi are composed of mainly red blood cells. The difference in composition is caused by the conditions in which the thrombus forms. In the artery, the blood flow is high in comparison with the low flow conditions in the vein. The thrombus may become large enough to interfere with blood flow within the vein or artery. (Mansen McCance, 2002) (from K85, J40: Mansen) If the thrombus detaches from the vessel wall, it becomes an embolus. This mobile clot travels thought the circulation until it lodges in a blood vessel that is smaller than the clot. Distal to this point, blood flow is blocked and tissues or organs are deprived of oxygen and nutrition. (Mansen McCance, 2002). The signs and symptoms associated with an embolus depend on the vein or artery where th clot becomes lodged. (from K85, J40: Mansen) In 1856, Virchow described the factors that predispose to venous thrombosis, including stasis, vascular damage, and hypercoagulability. These three factors are referred to as Virchows triad. Stasis of blood may occur because of immobility, age, obesity, or disease processes. Trauma (including surgery), intravenous (IV) cannulation, medications, and toxins are some of the many sources that may precipitate vascular damage. Hypercoagulability of the blood may be caused by various disease processes and medications. (Mansen McCance, 2002) (from K85, J40: Mansen) Why focus on DVT rather than PE and VTE? A high proportion of patients with DVT also have subclinical PE. [K15, from J45:14] Most of the PE results from DVT (please find literature to support) Since lower limb DVT is the major origin of PE, and the characteristic of prolong bed rest of stroke, this literature review will mainly focus on the DVT at lower limbs. Approximately two thirds of these are below-knee DVTs, in contrast to unselected (nonstroke) patients presenting with symptomatic DVT, in whom the majority are proximal. [J43] Most studies show that PE seems to be much more common in patients with proximal and symptomatic DVT. [K41, from J46:1] Clinical symptoms of DVT were developed by six patients (oedema or pain of the lower extremity, no cases of PE). (out of 28, =21.4%) (J48s result) Why stroke patient easy to have DVT The general stroke population is at risk for DVT because of the following factors. First, there is an alteration in blood flow due to weakness in the lower limb and a resulting hypercoagulable state related to changes in the blood. Second, vessel wall intimal injury occurs related to changes in blood and blood flow. Stroke patients may also have similar symptoms associated with DVT, such as swelling and Homans sign, that may be misinterpreted as being related to the stroke. [J50] Stroke patients are often bed-ridden, especially during the acute phase, because of paresis. [J50] Most of the stroke patients are elderly. (age > ), while aging is a significant factors of the occurrence of DVT. Patients with stroke are at particular risk for developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) because of limb paralysis, prolonged bed rest, and increased prothrombotic activity. [J45 (also code at J51)] Sioson et al. [46] reported 19 DVT events in the paretic limb, nine bilateral events and four contralateral in 32 patients prospectively followed. (K49 from J46:46) Why important to prevent WHO estimates that 15 million people have a stroke every year, and this number is rising. (K91, from J39:2) Venous thromboembolism is a common but preventable complication of acute ischaemic stroke, and is associated with increased mortality and long-term morbidity and substantial health-care costs for its management. (K92, from J39:6) Without venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, up to 75% of patients with hemiplegia after stroke develop deep vein thrombosis and 20% develop pulmonary embolism, (K93, from J39:8) which is fatal in 1-2% of patients with acute ischaemic stroke and causes up to 25% of early deaths after strokes. (K94, from J39:9) low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin are therefore recommended in guidelines from expert consensus groups.10-14 (K95, from J39:10-14) The best treatment for VTE is prevention. [J34] Cause preventable death [J06] Deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) is an important health issue in the hospitalized patients that leads to increased length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. [J50] Early detection of DVT is important because of the risk of pulmonary embolism and its potentially fatal consequences. However, it is well known that clinical features of DVT and PE are notoriously nonspecific. [J09] Despite improvements in prevention (SPARCL 2006), little progress has been made in treating stroke with specific interventions once it has occurred. (K72, from J44) the occurrence of venous thromboembolism was about two-fold higher in patients with an NIHSS score of 14 or more than in those with a score less than 14 (in line with previous studies25) (K99, from J39:25 + J39self) Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or ischemic stroke are at high risk for development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). (K103, from J29:1) In comparison to patients with ischemic stroke, the risk for VTE is higher in the hemorrhagic stroke population. (K104, from J29:2) Without preventative measures, 53% and 16% of immobilized patients develop deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), respectively, in this population. (K105, from J29:3) One study detected DVT in 40% of patients with ICH within 2 weeks and 1.9% of those patients had a PE.4 (K106, from J29:4) Development of VTE in the patient with ICH adds further detrimental complications to an already lethal disease with a 1-month case-fatality rate of 35% to 52%.5 (K107, from J29:5) DVT also prolongs the length of hospital stays, delays rehabilitation programs, and introduces a potential risk for PE. (K108, from J29:6) DVT prolongs hospitalization and increases healthcare costs. [J01] DVT is the pathophysiological precursor of pulmonary embolism (PE). However, half of the DVT cases were asymptomatic. [J01, K1 from J37:18, J37,J27]. Approximately one third of patients with symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) manifest pulmonary embolism (PE), whereas two thirds manifest deep vein thrombosis (DVT) alone. Moreover, death occurs in 6% of DVT cases and 12% of PE cases within 1 month of diagnosis. [J46, J27] Clinically apparent DVT was reported in 1.7% to 5.0% of patients with stroke. Subclinical DVT occurred in 28% to 73% of patients with stroke, usually in the paralyzed limb. [J45] The frequency of asymptomatic PE in patients with DVT to be 40%. [J50] Prevention of VTE is highly effective in lowering the morbidity and mortality rate of stroke patients since PE accounts for up to 25% of post-stroke early deaths. [J43] Bounds JV, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Okazaki H: Mechanisms and timing of deaths from cerebral infarction. Stroke 1981, 12:474-477.The rate of PE is likely to be underestimated because they are not routinely screened for, and autopsies are rarely performed. Fifty percent of patients who die following an acute stroke showed evidence of PE on autopsy. [K68, from J13:7] The annual incidence of DVT in the general population is estimated to be about 1 per 1000 (8), however, it should be noted that much of the published data are derived from patients who present with symptoms at medical institutions. Diagnosis of DVT has traditionally been based on clinical presentation, however, evidence from postmortem studies indicates that a substantial proportion of VTE cases are asymptomatic. [K10 from J55] Clinically apparent DVT confirmed on investigation is less common but DVTs may not be recognised and may still cause important complications. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an important cause of preventable death after stroke [K67, from J13:4]

FDA and Merck :: essays research papers

The FDA and Merck Vioxx Scandal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the news recently, many different companies have been recognized for their unethical practices in their company and towards the public. One of these companies is the FDA and Merck. The FDA, the Federal Drug Administration, is one of the most trusted companies in the pharmaceutical market. This company tests different drugs and gives approval for them to be obtainable to the public. Merck is a company that creates these drugs and then has them tested by the FDA for approval. Some of the drugs that Merck has been known for are Singulair for asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Fosamax for osteoporosis, Cozaar/Hyzaar for high blood pressure, Vioxx and Arcoxia for arthritis and pain, Cancidas for infections, Cosopt for glaucoma, Proscar for benign prostate enlargement, and Maxalt for migraines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, the FDA and Merck have been battling with many facilities and the public over the drug Vioxx. Vioxx was produced to help arthritis pain in patients. The FDA approved the drug that Merck produced and has been in the market for four years, and recently pulled off of it. Evidence is continuing to surface showing the FDA knowingly approved and promoted the drug, and refused to recall it after showing many health risks and deaths because of it. Evidence has also shown Merck trying to hide evidence of heart disease after the FDA has approved it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the FDA and Merck has lied to the public and drawn out many health risks because of drugs that they have approved, it is difficult to come up with an idea that will restore the public’s trust towards both companies. The FDA which was already one of America’s most trusted companies in the medicine industry, has lost the faith that customers always had. To regain the trust of the public, the company could have different public announcements to explain the situation and what occurred with the Vioxx scandal.

Research Paper Outline Examples Essay

Once you’ve already decided what topic you will be writing about, the next thing you should pay attention to is the scope of your paper or what you will be including in your discussion. The broader your topic is, the more difficult it is to discuss your topic in full details. This is why you should establish before hand the scope and limitations of your paper and this will be the foundation of your research paper outline. Basically, your outline will constitute three main parts namely the Introduction, the Body and the Conclusion. But to make sure your paper is complete, consult your instructor for specific parts he/she wants to be included in your research paper. Sample outlines for research papers will be given later on. But first, let us discuss the main parts of your paper and what information each should cover. Introduction The Introduction should contain your thesis statement or the topic of your research as well as the purpose of your study. You may include here the reason why you chose the particular topic or simply the significance of your research paper’s topic. You may also state what type of approach it is that you’ll be using in your paper for the entire discussion of your topic. Generally, your Introduction should state briefly all the major points of your topic your readers will be reading about. Body The body of your paper is where you will be presenting all your arguments to support your thesis statement. Please be reminded of the â€Å"Rule of 3† where you should find 3 supporting arguments for each position you take. Start with a strong argument, followed by a stronger one, and end with the strongest argument as your final point.

The Power of Humor

The Power of Humor Free Online Research Papers Power is a very strong feeling. People have and always will strive for power. The sense of security power gives comforts people. They are not being attacked for their actions but in fact, they are backed by supporters (audience) or attain high morale by making their opposition (women or butt of joke) feel helpless and second-rate. The power struggle between men and women has always existed, and always will. Back when the women’s rights movement was happening, they gained a lot of power, but not enough. To this day women are still patronized and looked down upon as the poor, little, weak, girl image. Even salaries are still not equal to men. Men think of women as raising the kids during the day and being a good house wife, while the dominant man brings home the money to support the family. The word of the man of the house is the rule. Nancy Walker shows some examples how this idea of women is converted into comedy and how in different situations men would react or respond differently. She believes men’s background attributes to the different reactions. A good representation of this is if you see a Chinese or Asian women laugh, they always cover their mouths. This action shows shyness which most women, I believe carry. This also could possibly explain why women are embarrassed to joke and kid in the presence of a man or men. They feel they should not be doing this. When telling a joke, further along the line, someone will be offended. This statement, made by Susan Purdie, compares and contrasts the joke-teller and audience relationship and the torment of the butt of a joke. It is understood joking is a good way to make conversation or to meet people in general. But when joking, discretion is advised. People might get offended. Say for example, when going out with a group of friends who are all white except for one African American. A seemingly harmless joke about African Americans would not be appropriate because that person might get upset. The butt, in most jokes is considered a â€Å"stupid person†, and the teller/audience might distinguish themselves as clever, and or superior. Though this is not very nice, it is common. It is a fact that when a dominant group feels threatened of their power, they will do what they can to prevent the loss power, making them feel secure. Comedy is a language in it self. Comedy can imply an op inion of one person just by the jokes told. Racism can be easily linked in today’s comedy. Comedians poke fun at all sorts of ethnicities based on stereo-types known to public. When a good comedian sets up his act, he wants the audience to back him in his jokes. Once he has reached a certain level of support, he must feel very confident to throw more jokes bordering offensive, because he knows he is untouchable (powerful) with his crowd. Without the crowd, some jokes told would not be allowed to slide so easy. Patriotism is very powerful and is commonly used in jokes to attack all middle-eastern people. Talking about September 11th touches the audience’s memory to accept jokes about middle-eastern people. The power used in these situations is really quite frightening. Research Papers on The Power of HumorWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito The Power of Humor Free Online Research Papers An old legend once said that shortly after Adam was created, he complained: â€Å"O Lord! You have given the lion fierce teeth and claws, and the elephant formidable tusks; you have given the deer swiftness of legs, and the turtle a protective shell; you have given the birds of flight wings, but you have left me altogether defenseless.† And the Lord said unto Adam, â€Å"I shall give you an invisible weapon that will serve you and your children better than any weapons of fight or flight, a power that will save you from even yourself. I shall give you the sense of humor.† (Wilson, 1996). Humor is defined as the quality or content of something such as a story, performance, or joke that elicits amusement and laughter. This unique characteristic has been known to affect the mind, body, and soul for thousands of years. What makes us laugh? There are three traditional theories about what we find humorous. The incongruity theory states that humor occurs when logic and familiarity are replaced by things that don’t normally go together. This means that a joke becomes funny when you expect an outcome and end up with an entirely different one. Now we have two sets of different thoughts that are occurring simultaneously and this incongruity between them are found to be humorous. The second is the superiority theory. This theory comes into play when we laugh because of someone else’s mistakes. It causes us to feel superior to this person and therefore presents laughter. The final theory is the relief theory. Movie-makers tend to have this theory down to a science. The act of building tension and then breaking it with a side comment, comic relief, is an example of the relief theory. We again have the two sets of different thoughts occurring simultaneously, and laughter is our body’s way of breaking that tension. (Marshall). The Power of Humor 3 So what exactly happens when you laugh? As you already know, your body is an amazing invention and your brain, an even greater one. Researchers believe that your brain goes through a series of steps before your body produces laughter. First, the left side of the cortex analyzes the words and structure of the joke. Next, the frontal lobe, which is associated with social emotional responses, becomes very active and the right side of the cortex carries out the intellectual analysis to â€Å"get† the joke. And finally, brainwave activity spreads to the sensory processing area before the simulation of the motor sections evoke physical responses to the joke. (Phinney, 2006). While your brain is inducing laughter, it affects your body in a variety of ways. During the side-splitting commotion, your heart-rate and blood pressure increase (like they do in exercise) and then decrease down to levels below normal. This causes you to breathe deeper and send more oxygen and nutrients throughout your body. Your body’s production of endorphins, t-cells, and b-cells increases. Your thymus enlarges creating more secretion of the hormones used to stimulate the production of infection fighting cells and eases muscle tension and psychological stress. (Wilson, 1996) Humor not only helps us stay physically healthy, but emotionally healthy as well. Being able to laugh at oneself and one’s life is a way to accept and respect oneself. Because this is a positive attribute, lack of a sense of humor is directly affiliated with a low self-esteem. Mental health benefits of laughter consist of a change in behavior for the best, increased energy throughout the day, a replacement of distressing emotions with happy thoughts and feelings, and a great path to unraveling stress by assisting us to view the world with perspective. However, a lack of sense of humor can be detrimental to your The Power of Humor 4 mental health. Because humor helps pull us out of emotional stress, a lack of humor would remove a healthy way for one to feel better. (Marshall). There is no hard physical evidence to support the claim that humor is the best medicine. However, humor is like gravity. You cannot sense humor with any of the five senses just as you cannot with gravity. Whether you believe in it or not, it works. Just as you don’t have to believe in gravity, if you step of a roof, it works! Similarly, you don’t have to believe in the power of humor, but just start laughing and your body gets a healthy boost. (Wilson, 1996). What do we find humorous? There are many factors that cause everyone to find humor in an assortment of places. Experts say the most significant seems to be age. Infants and young children are constantly learning new and exciting things in the world around them. All of these new and surprising discoveries register to them as funny. Jokes that involve cruelty, which boosts their self-assertiveness, are also very appealing to them. As children grow into their pre-teen and teenage years, they tend to laugh more at jokes related to sex, food, authority figures, and anything that is not morally right to do. As teens mature into adults, our sense of humor also matures. The adult sense of humor is more subtle and less judgmental on differences in people. For the most part, adults laugh at and about what stress them out. Another factor in finding humor is the culture or community we are from. There are issues related with every country that may be joked about but might only be understood by t hose from that country. If this is the case and we are not familiar with the situation being joked about, our brain doesn’t â€Å"get† the joke and the laughter response is not triggered. If a joke is registered in the brain and the response The Power of Humor 5 is, â€Å"that’s not funny,† it suggests that the joke was either offensive or the person lacked an experience that tied the joke and the punch line together. (Marshall). Although there is no way to prove the old saying â€Å"humor is the best medicine,† there are many stories and reports that tie the two together. At the trauma center, Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, WA, a man walks around dressed as Dr. Seuss leading chants and humoring patients, staff, and visitors. Therapeutic laughter originated in India not long ago and has unintentionally made its way into this hospital. In the summer of 2000, Tita Begashaw invited posted flyers encouraging a laugh session in front of the hospital. Six years later, Harborview Medical Center’s laugh classes are part of a weekly routine. (Phinney, 2006) A 41-year old man named Tom, after suffering two mild heart attacks, needed to go through the surgical procedure of an angioplasty before he could get back to his normal life. As Tom and the team discussed the procedure, they agreed on using a positive outlook and a sense of humor. Unaware of Tom’s secret humor weapon, the time came and the team wheeled him to the operating room. On the way, Tom pulled out a fuzzy pair of â€Å"groucho glasses† and put them on. One of the nurses played it out as if they were regular glasses, took them and insured they would be right there after the procedure. This little bit of humor stuck with them as a way for Tom to show his belief and support in his team. After the outstanding success of the operation, Tom later told of how big a role humor had played in getting him through this frightening experience. (Wilson, 1996). The Power of Humor 6 There is an international clearinghouse for news, information, and ideas about therapeutic laughter. This worldwide organization is called the World Laughter Tour. Its goal is to lead the world to health, happiness, and peace through laughter. Although this is probably the largest laughter club, there are many others in every state. The WLT offers a training program on â€Å"How to Create Therapeutic Laughter and Laughter Clubs.† The program prepares you to be a qualified leader for laughter clubs and other therapeutic laughter activities by teaching you everything from the science of laughter to the group dynamics of a laughter group. This is a very helpful program in the ways it helps people lower their stress, take life a little more lightly and most importantly, switch on the power of healing. (Wilson, 2008). The saying goes, â€Å"Angels can fly because they take life so lightly.†-Anonymous. The observation of humor’s effects on the mind and body has been greatly increased over the past decade. No one knows its true outcomes, or if it really is the â€Å"best medicine.† but we do know how it affects the body. If you are ever find yourself in an overly-stressed situation, try to find something humorous in it. Now that you have a new prospective on the situation, you might find that you are more relaxed and less stressed. The Power of Humor 7 References Marshall, Brian. How Laughter Works. http://people.howstuffworks.com/laughter.htm/printable Phinney, Susan. (2006). Humor has fans in medical circles. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/health/262840_laughter14.html Sultanoff, Steven M. (1995). What is Humor? aath.org/articles/art_sultanoff01.html Wilson, Steve. (1996). Humor and healing: The invisible weapon. worldlaughtertour.com/pdfs/02%20INVISIBLE%20WEAPON.pdf Wilson, Steve. (2008). World Laughter Tour History. worldlaughtertour.com/sections/about/history.asp Research Papers on The Power of HumorWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCapital Punishment

January Reflections Example

January Reflections Example January Reflections – Essay Example Leadership Introduction In leadership, a leader should exhibit a number of characteristics. A good leader is one who portrays a set of characteristics that not only enable the individual perform their leadership function, but also relate well with their subjects. Such characteristics include servant leadership, charisma and social intelligence. A servant leader is one who shares their power with other individuals. Such a leader puts the needs of other people as their first priority. A servant leader is initially a servant. Such a leader usually has a natural feeling of serving individuals first, then performing their leadership roles later. This conscious choice is what aspires the individual to lead. Social intelligence in leadership is the ability of a leader negotiating complex social relationships and environments. Social intelligence is what defines humans. A leader therefore should possess social intelligence. With social intelligence, a leader is able to understand and manage well the relations of boys and girls, men and women by acting wisely during human relations. Charisma is the attribute in an individual that brings a compelling charm, which aspires devotion in others. Charisma may also be a divinely conferred talent and power. Great leaders have charisma and many subjects are charmed by the leader’s charisma. Perception on the Interview Donald trump, a successful business magnet in New York, America portrays a number of leadership characteristics in his interview at ABC News. Trump, for instance, portrays strong confidence in his personality. He speaks confidently about the great company that he has built over the years which has a staggering net worth of over $10 billion. He confidently boasts of beating a lot of smart people in the country by doing so. Trump shows high levels of social intelligence during the interview. When asked on his opinion about other politicians, he chooses his words well when describing his thoughts about them. He tactfully evades the question on the validity of Obama’s birth certificate. A great leader should portray high levels of social intelligence since the leadership office demands a lot of such. A leader for instance, shall be dealing with a lot of conflicts on a daily basis and as such, should have social intelligence. Trump, in his interview, brings out a strong sense of charisma. He is the type of individual that leaves a viewer impressed or inspires to be like him. When trump talks about building his business, he further states that the future of the country should be like the success of his business and implies that is exactly what he shall do once in office. Lastly, trump shows levels of servant leadership in him. He talks of being concerned about America’s economy being ripped by China and other countries. His concern of fixing his country’s economy first before other things not only shows that he has servant leadership traits in him, but also portrays high levels of patriotism for his country. Conclusion Leaders have the role of steering a country. Just like trump said in the interview, individuals need to choose the correct candidate. A candidate who portrays good leadership skills, patriotism and love for his country is a good leader. When choosing a leader, citizens should be very keen in order for them to make the right choice. References Donald Trump This Week Interview. (2013). Retrieved from: youtube.com/watch?v=FC_wapgQLxw. Accessed on [15.02.2014]

Health and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health and Safety Management - Essay Example However, such implementation is a far goal that needs to be built upon by first applying other small quality and safety management techniques and policy to achieve a level where one can say that we can do without accidents. Being the Safety Manager it would be difficult to set an unrealistic goal that requires more time and expertise to achieve. Hence I disagree with such an ostentatious goal for a high hazard chemical firm. However, it is not impossible but it needs to be worked upon slowly at first through various other policies. If a high goal is set it would first affect the workers they would be put under extreme pressure that might hinder their work efficiency as well as effectiveness. They need to be properly trained and equipped with the knowledge of undergoing and implementing Zero Accident policy which cannot be achieved in a year’s time let alone derive the desired result of no accidents in a year. This would also require full collaboration and cooperation of all de partments of the firms and their time to first identify and lay down their activity maps and flows and then identify the hazardous situations then look for alternatives and safe ways in doing them and finally implementing the change. All of this is a tedious task that requires various phases and is not likely to be done in a year’s time.

Unit V Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit V Assignment - Essay Example In the end, it becomes a national health problem and later turns out to be an international problem (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). The journal also provides the various health effects that are caused by environmental pollution. Perinatal disorders, infant mortality, respiratory diseases, allergies, cardiovascular disorders, stress oxidative, and mental disorders are some of the most dangerous disorders brought about by pollution. Bearing this in mind, the authors are of the notion that every individual should take action and control the environment. The authors also use scientific knowledge to strengthen their allegation on the adverse effects of environmental pollution (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). In conclusion, the authors call for the increase of awareness on the effects of pollution to the public to help in mitigating pollution. They also call on the health professionals take the initiative to help prevent and reduce the harmful effects of environment factors (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). Kelishadi. R, Mirghaffari. N, Poursafa. P & Gidding. S, Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children,† Atherosclerosis, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 311–319, 2009. Loux N., Su Y. & Hassan S., â€Å"Issues in assessing environmental exposures to manufactured nanomaterial’s,† International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.8, no. 9, pp. 3562–3578,

The Similarities Between Marx and Aurelius Essay

The Similarities Between Marx and Aurelius - Essay Example It will be shown how they agreed and the differences they shared. Karl Marx's Estranged Labour confirms that man is defined by the work he produces. His whole identity is intertwined with the right to work. Man is a product of his environment. He identifies himself with the "fruit of the efforts". Aurelius's environment is the Universe, Nature and Divine Providence. He considers it more important the work one does upon his intelligence and his existence in the present. To explain Marx's economic principle, if the man is a product of his material wealth in which his work is for someone else, the more he works, the poorer he becomes. "The alienation of labor occurs because labor is not essential to his being. He does not affirm himself but denies himself, does not feel content but unhappy, does not develop freely his physical and mental energy but mortifies his body and ruins his mind" (74) If he is poor, he becomes alienated to what he is doing and his self-identity is destroyed. If h e has a low concept of himself. He will become estranged to others and his society. Marx says as we work for others, we become slaves to the material wealth we produce. Material wealth will determine our level of happiness. How can one think highly of himself if he is poor and hates what he is doing? An earlier philosopher, John Locke said that "work was one of the unalienable rights of man". Aurelius said that work should have a purpose. Aurelius defines the man by his introspection and lack of material wealth. Aurelius shows man what needs to be done in order to be happy. Marx's implicitly says that our happiness is defined by the projection of our self-identity. Aurelius says we only can find freedom when we no longer depend on material wealth. Karl Marx "work is essential so that an individual does not become estranged or alienated from himself and other workers." Self-conception is defined by the fruits of one's efforts. Work or labor on physical matter enables an individual to meet his basic needs and see himself in terms of society. If we agree that self-conception is defined by the effort one puts into the work, both Marx and Aurelius agree to the meaning of happiness. Aurelius would say that Necessity is the need to work. The ability to create from the soul forms one's personal identity and thus enables personal survival and the desire to survive. These three concepts are the basis of humanity. Aurelius would agree at his level, as change keeps the universe going. "The transformation of nature into objects is one of the fundamental aspects of human condition. Two different philosophers agree that the universe has to have constant creation and change otherwise there is decay and death. Aurelius used different language to say that we are all from one universe and must work together to find a common ground. It is not natural to stand in each other's way. He would have agreed with Marx that it would not have been natural to have an unhappy worker. Aureliu s didn't want the man to become distracted by the material aspects of life. He did not really explain if the necessities of life were part of the material aspects. One would have to assume that he meant material wealth. The basic daily needs of man were met. Once again Aurelius and Marx mentioned that people should not have to suffer from others, whether they were good or bad if they did not work harmoniously together.

Gmo Soybeans Essay Example for Free

Gmo Soybeans Essay There GMOs in almost everything that we eat. GMO stands for genetically modified organism. â€Å"Genetic modification occurs when genes from one organism are transferred to another in ways that do not occur without human intervention. The result is a GMO, or a genetically modified organism. † (Farrell 1) Soybeans are one of the largest GMO crops being produced. With the modification of the soybean by Monsanto, it is now possible for the crop to survive when herbicides are sprayed over it. The herbicide that the soybeans are resistant to is Roundup, so farmers do not have to worry about their soybeans dying to the herbicide. I believe that the negative effects of modified soybeans so not outweigh the benefits because genetically modified soybeans so not increase the production but increase the businesses’ profit, and there are health problems that can arise. Having GM soybeans does not mean that more would be produced; it only means that businesses would raise their profits. Many European countries do not buy any GMO products from the U. S. because they are afraid of any problems that may arise in the future, so I believe that since other countries are not buying any GM food, they do not want to change back into growing food naturally with no modifications or pesticides, because they want to make a bigger profit. They prevent any change that could stop them from making more profit. They do not care if they are damaging the environment; they only care about making more money. For example, people use Roundup (an herbicide) to kill weeds in their backyards or on the sidewalk. Farmers use the same product on the food that we want; they use it to kill the weeds that are growing around the soybeans. To prevent the soybeans from also dying, they have been modified to withstand the weed killer. Scientists have modified it by adding three different genes to the plant: a gene from bacterium, from a virus, and from a petunia. (McMillen )When combine with the original gene, it looks the same but it is now resistant to the Roundup herbicide. Even with soybeans modified, farmers do not benefit from it. The modification has not helped the production go up, the only thing that has gone up is the price. â€Å"[Costs] about $6 an acre to plant the usual seeds, companies charge over $40 per acre for the genetically modified seeds [and the companies gain $34 per acre of seeds sold]. (McMillen 1) Because the seeds are seeds are patented, (which means that the one who invented it, is the only one who has the right to use or sell the product to anyone,) farmers cannot save any eeds from the ones that they have grown. Therefore; each year they have to buy more from the same business. If the farmers save the seeds, they will be fined or even taken to jail. Genetically modified soybeans can also cause health problems. Soy beans can cause food allergies. Since we don’t really know if the bacteria gene in the soybeans will cause a reaction, scientists have compared the proteins in the soy with other proteins that are known to c ause allergies. If the GM protein has sequences that cause allergies, then according to the World Health Association, the GM crop should not be sold or there should be more testing done on it. However, there are sections of proteins produced in GM soybeans that are identical to allergens, but there was no more testing done to it. (Smith 1) If there are proteins in the soy that are causing allergies, â€Å"then the situation may be made much worse by something called horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Thats when genes spontaneously transfer from one species DNA to another. † (Smith 1) Plants should naturally have barriers that keeps genes from transferring to other species, but since there are foreign genes in the soy, it is losing its ability to stop this from happening. Even though it is most common in bacteria and rare in plants and mammals, genes transfer from one species to another, and a study found that parts of the genes from the soy were found in the DNA of human gut bacteria. So even after we stop eating GM soy, we could still be exposed to this transfer of genes because it will still be produced in our intestines. (Smith 1)I believe that there should be more testing because we do not know if there are any other risks involved with eating GM soybeans. Genetically modified soybeans are not beneficial because there is no gain in product only the gain in profit of businesses, and it also causes allergies. With soybeans being resistant to weed killers, weeds are becoming resistant to Roundup, so farmers actually have to use more money to buy more herbicides because they may not be working well anymore. Also it costs more to buy GM soy that soy that has not been tampered with. Not only do businesses profit, but we the consumers can suffer from the product. There are proteins in the soy gene that are identical to genes that cause allergies. We the consumers should be able to decide what we want eat, and also decide how we want the food to be produced.

Statistics Essays | Analysis of Data

Statistics Essays | Analysis of Data Consider and discuss the required approach to analysis of the data set provided. As part of this explore also how you would test the hypothesis below and explain the reasons for your decisions. Hypothesis 1: Male children are taller than female children. Null hypothesis; There is no difference in height between male children and female children. Hypothesis 2: Taller children are heavier. Null hypothesis: There is no relationship between how tall children are and how much they weigh. Analysis of data set The data set is a list of 30 childrens gender, age, height, the data weight, upper and lower limb lengths, eye colour, like of chocolate or not andIQ. There are two main things to consider before and the data. These are the types of data and the quality of the data as a sample. Types of data could be nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.Nominal is also know as categorical. Coolican (1990) gives more details of all of these and his definitions have been used to decide the types of data in the data set. It is also helpful to distinguish between continuous numbers, which could be measured to any number of decimal places an discrete numbers such as integers which have finite jumps like 1,2 etc. Gender This variable can only distinguish between male or female.There is no order to this and so the data is nominal. Age This variable can take integer values. It could be measured to decimal places, but is generally only recorded as integer. It is ratio data because, for example, it would be meaningful to say that a 20 year old person is twice as old as a 10 year old. In this data set, the ages range from 120 months to 156months. This needs to be consistent with the population being tested. Height This variable can take values to decimal places if necessary. Again it is ratio data because, for example, it would be meaningful to say that a person who is 180 cm tall is 1.5 times as tall as someone 120cmtall. In this sample it is measured to the nearest cm. Weight Like height, this variable could take be measured to decimal places and is ratio data. In this sample it is measured to the nearest kg. Upper and lower limb lengths Again this variable is like height and weight and is ratio data. Eye colour This variable can take a limited number of values which are eye colours. The order is not meaningful. This data is therefore nominal(categorical). Like of chocolate or not As with eye colour, this variable can take a limited number of values which are the sample members preferences. In distinguishing merely between liking and disliking, the order is not meaningful. This data is therefore nominal (categorical). IQ IQ is a scale measurement found by testing each sample member. As such it is not a ratio scale because it would not be meaningful to say, for example, that someone with a score of 125 is 25% more intelligent than someone with a score of 100. There is another level of data mentioned by Cooligan into which none of the data set variables fit. That is Ordinal Data. This means that the data have an order or rank which makes sense. An example would be if 10students tried a test and you recorded who finished quickest, 2ndquickest etc, but not the actual time. The data is intended to be a sample from a population about which we can make inferences. For example in the hypothesis tests we want toknow whether they are indicative of population differences. The results can only be inferred on the population from which it is drawn it would not be valid otherwise. Details of sampling methods were found in Bland (2000). To accomplish the required objectives, the sample has to be representative of the defined population. It would also be more accurate if the sample is stratified by known factors like gender and age. This means that, for example, the proportion of males in the sample is the same as the proportion in the population. Sample size is another consideration. In this case it is 30.Whether this is adequate for the hypotheses being tested is examined below. Hypothesis 1: Male children are taller than female children. Swift (2001) gives a very readable account of the hypothesis testing process and the structure of the test. The first step is to set up the hypotheses: The Null hypothesis is that there is no difference in height between male children and female children. If the alternative was as Coolican describes it as we do not predict in which direction the results will go then it would have been a two-tailed test. In this case the alternative is that males are taller it is therefore a specific direction and so a one-tailed test is required. To test the hypothesis we need to set up a test statistic and then either match it against a pre-determined critical value or calculate the probability of achieving the sample value based on the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. The most commonly used significance level is 0.05. Accordingto Swift (2001) the significance level must be decided before the data is known. This is to stop researchers adjusting the significance level to get the result that they want rather than accepting or rejecting objectively. If the test statistic probability is less than 0.05 we would reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between males and females in favour of males being heavier on the one sided basis. However it is possible for the test statistic to be in the rejection zone when in fact the null hypothesis is true. This is called a TypeI error. It is also possible for the test statistic to be in the acceptance zone when the alternative hypothesis is true (in other words the null hypothesis is false). This is called a Type II error. Power is 1 -probability of a Type II error and is therefore the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. Whereas the Type I error is set at the desired level, the Type II error depends on the actual value of the alternative hypothesis. Coolican (1990) sets out the possible outcomes in the following table:

Smokng in Bars :: essays research papers fc

Smoking in Bars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within the last several years, health issues toward smoking have become a very popular issue. All over the nation, college students are having to deal with secondhand smoke any time they want to go out and socialize with their friends in a bar. Secondhand smoke can be very detrimental to anybody that it encounters. It is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer and coronary heart disease in nonsmoking adults (TIPS). For years communities have been working to get smoking out of their workplaces, restaurants, and now they are pushing to ban smoking from bars. If you are a non-smoker, this is a very positive movement. It is never very much fun when you go into a bar to hang out with some friends and the whole place is covered with smoke. The whole next day, on top of maybe having a slight hangover, you will probably be coughing up a lung. Where is the fun in that? This law has already been passed in many places all over the United States. Only a select few are against what is trying to be done. When these laws were being debated at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, some bar and restaurant owners showed up to voice their opinions. They called it extremist, draconian and overly broad, saying it would cause the loss of jobs and the loss of city liquor taxes. They also said the law would set an uneven playing field because it allows smoking at restaurants with outdoor patios (Cooper). Of course, you might upset a few customers, but are people going to quit coming? Troja, a manager at Johnny’s Tavern in Lawrence, does not foresee the ordinance chasing customers away. â€Å"When it comes down to it,† he said, â€Å"they’re not going to stop going to their favorite tavern just because they can’t smoke there† (Cooper, par.7). An estimated 1,700 cities across the country restrict smoking, but only 74 have smoking bans that, like in Lawrence, include the workplace as well as restaurants and bars. (Cooper) This is great. Why can’t more people follow suit? An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 35,000 heart disease deaths occur annually among adult nonsmokers in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke (TIPS). College students do not realize that they are putting themselves at risk every time they step foot into these bars.

Against the Odds, and Against the Common Good Essay

In her essay, â€Å"Against the Odds, and Against the Common Good,† Gloria Jimenez evaluates the debate for state-run lotteries and surmises that state representatives, having citizens’ welfare in mind, should not pass bills urging them to gamble. In today’s society, state-run lotteries are common establishments considering the majority of our country has one. Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia all have lotteries justified as necessary state funds beneficial to the common good. But with state lotteries no one wins—not schools, not the government and not the American public. (1) The lottery system does not contribute notable funds to the state or schools (2) it is a regressive form of taxation (3) it creates limited jobs (4) it is harmful to American values and society (5)but they claim to be fair and honest. Overall, lotteries are neither practical nor fair, and they are harmful to the common good. First, let me point out that lotteries do not achieve their first goal of contributing notable funds to the state or schools. The most valid defense for lotteries is that they will increase Educational funding, when, in fact, contributes very little. In her research, Jimenez briefly explains her findings and deducts â€Å"the lotteries have been paying out roughly 4 percent to the businesses while taking in almost $20 billion in 2002.† (New York Times, May 18, 2003, sec. 4, p. 1). If states raised income tax by a fraction of a percent, they could generate just as much revenue as state lotteries. That is how insignificant they are. As well as being an ineffective money raising scheme, the lottery is also a regressive form of taxation. The attraction of the lottery is to strike it rich instantaneously and never have to work again. The message is most evident to the poor, undereducated, and compulsive gamblers. As a result, these citizens participate in the lottery spending an average of three times as much of their income on lottery tickets than the wealthy would. This is, in effect, due to false and misleading advertising aimed specifically at this market. Furthermore, the only new jobs that are created unless, by chance a new casino goes in, are the vacancies for advertising executives and accounting clerks. The positions for clerks that actually sell the tickets do not need filling because they are previously filled at convenience and grocery stores. In addition, state run lotteries are unwholesome and dangerous for the common good. They send out a message that opposes the ethics of hard work, sacrifice, and integrity—everything Americans believe in. The lottery is deceptive and encourages people to believe that they will win something for nothing. Still, government allows lotteries and actually promotes them, encouraging citizens to participate. One of the greatest problems associated with the lottery is that it can lead to addiction. So although people are buying the tickets of their own free will and free will to participate is one of the pro’s of the lottery. Exactly how much free will really is there when all of the manipulation is being done by the ad executives targeting prime citizens, the government strong-arming the constituents into their lottery schemes, and the gambling addicts cannot really help themselves? Government has no business enticing people to gamble their hard earned money for an against the odds chance of winning a big cash prize. It is irresponsible, immoral and far from fair and honest. Works Cited Jimenez, Gloria. â€Å"Against the Odds, and Against the Common Good.† Pg. 112-114. Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing. Barnett & Bedau. New York. Bedford/St. Martin.2008. Print

Development of the American Experiences

Current society of America dates back to past development experiences. The American nationalities comprise of distinct tribes, states and ethnic groups who survived from diverse political, cultural and social backgrounds. New societies, culture and people mainly originate from migration in search for new opportunities and lives. American society in the United States traces back their origin to more than one migration experiences. Such emigrational experiences labeled America as nation of immigrations.Change is inevitable, development experiences have been influenced by changes in the society where immigrants sought for new destinations. Change occurred due to impact of immigrant culture to the natives. The change results from pursuit of freedom and acceptance in the American society. The article seeks to evaluate the development experiences in the American Society by discussing thinker Jr. Martin Luther King commentary on â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† The paper presents a new interpretation of American history by focusing on Jr.Martin Luther King, political thought as a commentary on principles and problems of free government. In addition, some respects on modification of the principles as advanced in the declaration of independence and embodied in the constitution are discussed in this paper. The pursuit of Negro towards freedom and justice is discussed based on Jr. Martin Luther King answers to criticisms of his activities. Martin Luther King, Jr. , â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† While Jr. Martin Luther King was confined in the Birmingham city jail, he came across statement calling his activities â€Å"unwise and untimely.† He sought to answer criticisms of his work and ideas since the men who criticized him were of genuine good will with sincere criticisms. He served as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization that was established in every southern state with Atlanta, Georgia being headquarter. The organization had several affiliates who shared staff, educational and financial resources. The affiliates in Birmingham called the organization to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such sharing deemed necessary. These lead to Jr. Martin Luther King confined in Birmingham city jail because of injustices.The rise of injustices compelled Jr. Luther to fight for freedom beyond his home town by responding to the Macedonian call for aid. He was aware of the interrelationship of all communities and states, this lead to his concern about the injustices in Birmingham which threatened justice all over the state (Luther 1). The Negroes faced multifaceted problems from political, social and economic injustices. They faced segregation, racial discrimination, brutality, bloodshed and poverty. Such problems gave rise to freedom fighters in pursuit to achieve social freedom and justices.The Negro leaders were caught in an unavoidable network of mutuality which was tied to a single element of destiny. Importantly, what affects one directly affects all indirectly. He explored the demonstrations which took place in Birmingham, the city’s power structure of white left the Negro community with no alternative but to use demonstration to raise the issues which they faced. The nonviolent campaign comprised four basic steps namely: collection of the facts to determine existence of injustices, negotiation, self purification and direct action. All these steps were followed by black in Birmingham with aim of gaining justice.Racial injustices were dominant in the community; Birmingham was tremendously segregated city in the United States with brutal experiences. They experienced unjust treatment in the courts, high proportion of unsolved bombings of their homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other cities. The Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the white leaders of the city who consistently refused to engage in negotiation and understanding (Luther 1). After several failures of negotiations, Negro leaders got opportunity to talk with leaders of Birmingham's economic community.Certain promises were made during negotiation, which saw merchants removed stores which were racialism sign. Such promises led to suspension of demonstration by Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and other leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Negroes become victims of broken promises where injustices were briefly removed, returned and others remained. Shadow of disappointment remained upon the Negro leadership who sought for direct action with aim of presenting their cases to local and national community. Self purification was used, nonviolent workshops were introduced.Direct action was scheduled for the Easter season since it was main shopping period of the year. The by-product of direct action was a strong economic-withdrawal which brought pressure on merchants for a change to occur. Direct action plan was postponed until mayoral election wa s over and later till the run off with aim of demonstrations not to cloud the issue at hand. The defeat of Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene â€Å"Bull† Connor resulted to more postponement of direct actions. The call of negotiation was indeed a purpose of direct action.Nonviolent direct action was used to create crisis and foster tension because community consistently refused to negotiate. The force was used to confront and dramatized the issue which could no longer be ignored. Luther is strongly opposed to violent tension, but he asserts that there is a constructive nonviolent tension which is effective for growth. It was very necessary to create a tension in the mind of individuals to enable them rise from the bondage of myths and half truths to the free realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal.This suggests that the kind of tension is created in society to help individuals rise from dark depths of prejudice and racism to the greater heights of understanding and sense of belonging. The purpose of direct action was to create the crisis situation which opened door for negotiation (Luther 2). Despite Mr. Boutwell being a gentleman than Mr. Connor, they are both segregationists, who were interested in maintenance of status. One is forced to understand the Negro leadership legitimate and unavoidable impatience of breaking laws. Luther urged people to obey Supreme Court's decision of 1954 which outlawed segregation in the public schools.However, one can ask why to break some laws while obeying others? Luther suggested that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. One has a legal and moral responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey unjust law. Just law is a man made code that mutually respects the moral law and God natural law while an unjust law is a coded unharmonious moral rule. Just law uplifts personality while unjust law degrades personality. Segregation is unjust since it distorts the soul and damages the personality. Segregat or feels superior while the segregated are viewed as inferiors.Segregation is politically, economically, sociologically and morally wrong and sinful. Throughout the nation of Alabama, all sorts of segregation were used not to vote despite being majority in the population. Another form of segregation was that citizens were denied a privilege to have peaceful assembly and protest. Luther asserts that one who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly and willingly to accept the penalty (Luther 4). From Luther’s point of view, Negro's great stumbling block towards achievement of freedom is not white citizens but the white moderates.The white moderates are highly devoted to order rather than to justice. They preferred a negative peace with absence of tension to a positive peace with presence of justice. In addition, they agreed on Negro’s pursuit for justice and freedom but not methods of direct action. They blocked social progress and revolution. Federal courts affi rms that it is very wrong to advocate an individual to cease from efforts that enable one to gain basic constitutional rights because the pursuit may precipitate violence. Society must be involved in protecting the robbed and punishing the robber.It was hoped that the white moderates would reject the myth of timing concern in relation to struggle for freedom (Luther 5). It is apparent that Luther stood in middle of two opposing forces in the Negro community. One force was complacency, made up oppressed and drained Negroes who have adjusted to segregation. The other force comprised few middle-class Negroes who had academic and economic security. The forces were characterized by bitterness and hatred. Despite such forces, the Negro church way of nonviolence became an integral part of the struggle for freedom.The yearning for freedom eventually manifested itself among American Negroes which gave birth to freedom. With the conjunction of Africans, Asian, South Americans and the Caribbea n, the United States Negro moved to great urgency towards racial justice (Luther 6). However, some of white individuals from South grasped the meaning of social revolution and they committed themselves towards it. Despite their low quantity, their high quality outweighed quantity. Some such as Ralph McGill, Lillian Smith, Harry Golden, James McBride Dabbs and Ann Braden have languished in jails for their pursuit of Negro social freedom (Luther 7).Conclusion From the evidence presented in the paper, it is concluded that developments of American experiences dates back to pursuit of political, social and economic freedom. Despite confinement of Jr. Martin Luther King in Birmingham jail, he answered all criticisms of his activities. Injustices such as segregation, brutality and racism compelled Luther to fight for freedom. Nonviolence demonstration which comprised of negotiation, self purification and direct action were used to raise issues of injustices.Direct action involved tension w hich helped society to wake up from racism to great heights of brotherhood. Laws are divided into two, just law which lifts up personality and unjust law which degrades personality. were segregated not to vote and privilege of peaceful assembly and protests were denied. The stumbling block of Negroes achievement of freedom was influenced by white moderates. Luther eventually won through the help of Negro church for struggle despite standing in the middle of Negro community opposition forces. Some whit individuals embraced social revolution though they languished in jails.Civil rights are not gained without determined legal and nonviolent pressure. It is known that through painful experience that freedom is not voluntarily given by the oppressor but it must be demanded by oppressed as the statement â€Å"Justice too long delayed is justice denied.† suggests. Time is neutral variable which can either be used destructively or constructively.