HIV and AIDS free essay sample

Reviews the history of AIDS and HIV in the world generally and the U.S. in particular. Considers major factors of the virus and directions of possible future action. HIV and AIDS Introduction It may be that because AIDS first appeared in the homosexual population, it has not been dealt with in the usual fashion. There are issues associated with AIDS that are not associated with other diseases, including other diseases that are transmissible sexually. The early focus was on morality, taboo, contamination, and purity issues, rather than strictly on epidemiological issues. In the following pages, the intent is to explore the situation with HIV/AIDS during the 1990s, looking at recommendations for dealing with the problem. Major Factors Associated with HIV and AIDS

The development of Rousseau and Raskolnikov in Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment and Camus The Outsider

The development of Rousseau and Raskolnikov in Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment and Camus The Outsider In every society, it is important for individuals to adhere to a set of principles inorder to maintain order. In Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment and Camus' TheOutsider , however, both protagonists ignored the values of their society. Raskolnikovand Meursault felt their own beliefs were significant, and through their actions they wereable to express them. As a result, one man was judged as a social deviant, while the otherman suffered psychologically. Through dealing with this strife, Raskolnikov andMeursault gained a better understanding of their values and personal worth.In the beginning both men rejected the fundamental values of society and formedtheir own ideologies. Raskolnikov, for instance, believed that "we have to correct anddirect nature. But for that, there would never had been a single great man"1. In fact, hehad written an article titled "The psychology of a criminal before and after the crime".Poster for Czech first production of Raskolnikov (...Itstated that 'ordina ry' men live according to the law and exist only to reproduce thehuman race, yet 'extraordinary' men may break laws "if in his own conscience it isnecessary to do so in order to better mankind"2. Raskolnikov believed that indeed, hewas an "extraordinary man"3, but like Meursault, his beliefs were untested. As a result,he murdered an old pawnbroker women in order to prove himself. Meursault, as well,acted against the social norm. For example, even though it was expected of a son, he didnot show sorrow at his mother's funeral4. He did not think this was shallow, however, hejust refused to falsely show emotion when he did not feel any; "I realized that I'dmanaged to get through another Sunday, that mother was now buried, that I was goingback to work and that, after all, nothing had...

Motivational methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivational methods - Essay Example Managers take care of factors that influence the performance of workers working at the grass-root level. Such factors include but are not limited to salary, accommodation, duty hours, leave, reward and promotion etc. This paper aims at discussing three ways in which workers’ motivation can be increased. The three motivation increasing methods can be derived from Alderfer’s ERG theory which is briefly discussed below: Alderfer’s ERG theory: Alderfer devised the ERG theory of motivation where E, R and G stand for existences, relatedness and growth needs respectively. Alderfer’s ERG theory states that managers need to take care of all of these needs at the same time, and should not focus upon addressing 1 or 2 of these to increase the workers’ motivation at a particular time, because this may not necessarily motivate the workers. The existence needs identified by Alderfer include safety and basic physiological needs, relatedness needs correspond to the workers’ needs of sociology and external esteem while the growth needs address the workers’ concerns about their self actualization and internal esteem (NetMBA, 2010). Although Alderfer has proposed a hierarchical order for these three needs, yet he maintains that an individual looks for the satisfaction of each of the three needs simultaneously, and may not wait one need to be accomplished to strive for the fulfillment of the other two. Alderfer’s ERG theory model (Business Education, 2010). Alderfer grants that an individual prefers to fulfill his/her existence needs over relatedness needs, and relatedness needs over growth needs, though Alderfer maintains that the order of needs may vary from individual to individual and thus, may not always remain the same. Alderfer’s ERG theory works on the frustration-regression principle which means that if a higher level need of an individual is not met, the individual may regress to a lower level need that is re latively simpler to be met. Alderfer’s ERG theory implies that managers should realize that workers are struggling to fulfill each of the three needs simultaneously. Therefore, managers should take steps to meet each of the three needs of workers at the same time. In view of the Alderfer’s ERG theory, following three methods of motivation enhancement can be proposed: Managers can motivate workers by meeting their existence needs: Existence needs of workers can be met by increasing their safety conditions and providing them with medical and health facilities. This can be achieved by offering the workers’ compensation insurance, accommodation with work, providing the workers with personal protective equipment while they are on the site, and also addressing their food related concerns as food is a fundamental means of satisfying the physiological needs. Managers can motivate workers by meeting their relatedness needs: Workers’ relatedness needs can be addres sed by providing them with opportunities to socialize with their friends and families. Even within the work environment, workers’ relatedness needs can be met by helping them develop close bonds with their peers and coworkers. Interaction among coworkers is becoming increasingly difficult in the contemporary business practices that encourage multiculturalism in the workforce. Workers from different cultures are likely to develop conflicts on the base of culture, and avoid each

The impact of digital technologies on young children's learning in Research Proposal

The impact of digital technologies on young children's learning in Saudi kindergartens - Research Proposal Example Morrow and Smith (2000, p. 201) asserted that understanding and explaining a phenomenon as the main purpose for any qualitative research. On the other hand, Cho & Trent (2006, p. 320) defined qualitative research as a systematic procedure of comprehension that is based on different conventional methods of inquiry that seek to explain a human or social problem. In addition, it enables a researcher carry out an investigation in a natural setting and be able to develop a complex and holistic picture of a social problem. Thus, the use of qualitative research enabled the researcher to study the impact of digital technologies on young childrens learning in Saudi kindergartens because the kindergarten institutions were located in a natural set up. Castaneda, Rakhsha and Morrow (2001, p. 578) observed that qualitative research is ideal in investigating issues that have a multicultural dimensions such as the study under question. The main research question that this study is aimed to answer is, what is the impact of digital technologies on young childrens learning in Saudi kindergartens? The study will also address the following research subsections: In the contemporary society, almost each and every service offered by both the public and private sectors have become digitized and automated (Quinn, Doorley & Paquette, 2013, p. 1). Quinn et al. (2013, p. 7) pointed out that because of the rapid change in technological advancements in the modern day, businesses and organizations have had to change their tactics in the market by utilizing digital technologies in their organizational structure and provision of services in order to remain relevant in the highly competitive global market. Governments around the world have also recognized the significance of the various digital technologies in maintaining a sustainable economy (Australian

How Are Program Libraries Concatenated Assignment - 1

How Are Program Libraries Concatenated - Assignment Example Concatenation allows the data sets to be processed in a sequence automatically (Ebbers et al., 2011). Â  - NEW designate that a new data set will be developed. The job has a unique access to the data set while it is running. Additionally, the data set should not exist on the same volume containing the new data, set or be in the system or user catalog (Ebbers et al., 2012). Â  - SHR shows that a data set is already existing and that various concurrent jobs are able to share access and at the same time run. Mainly, all concurrent jobs should specify SHR (Ebbers et al., 2012). Â  DISP=NEW shows that a file is new and does not exist in the system. DISP=OLD is used to show that a file will be overwritten, and hence the old data will disappear and replaced with new data. DISP=MOD implies that a new data is to be added at the end of a file (Ebbers et al., 2012). Â  An indexed VSAM file is used when the data sets are held in control areas (CA) and control intervals (CI). The indexed VSAM file is used when the records are ordered according to a collating sequence of an embedded prime key field. Also, it is used where the order of the records is fixed or where the records are commanded by their relative key. In addition, VSAM files are used to insert new records into a suitable place in a file as well as the records that follow, which are moved to a new location. The VSAM file is used when there is no need for reorganization (Singh, 2011). Â  The advantage of using a VSAM file is that various datasets are accessed efficiently and quickly because of its organization. Another advantage is that records are inserted in an effective way. The disadvantage of VSAM file usage is that the records are deleted from the disk physically rather than being removed logically (Somnath, 2010). Â  - IEBGENER is a utility that copies one sequential data set to another.

Pathophysiology Of Dvt Formation Health And Social Care Essay

Pathophysiology Of Dvt Formation Health And Social Care Essay DVT is the result of a number of factors that include stasis of blood, endothelial injury and hypercoagulability of blood. PE is a major complication of DVT and occurs when a thrombus or blood clot detaches itself and is carried by the blood stream to the lungs. [J32] Proximal DVT carries a higher risk of PE than distal DVT. [J30, Havig] We focused on proximal DVT because it is much more reliably detected by ultrasonography and is considered to be clinically more important. [J53: 11,12, à §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ½K list,à §Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¹] DVT can occur in any veins. (near neck, etc.) However, it is not including in this literature review becauseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Upper limb DVT is being reported, particularly associated with central venous catheters. (K66, from J20:54) After a stroke, blood clots can form in the veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis, or DVT). These clots can break off and be carried in the blood stream to the heart and lungs (causing pulmonary embolism). This can be life threatening. [J30] Deep venous thrombosis may lead to pulmonary emboli, a frequent cause of avoidable deaths. [K52, from J53:1] Virchows triad The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DVT include venous stasis and hypercoagulability linked to an increase in thrombin formation and platelet hyperactivity (Virchow 1858). [J30] The occurrence of one or more factors of Virchows triad (stasis of blood, endothelial injury and hypercoagulability of blood) in the venous system often leads to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (Virchow 1858). [J18] DVT = PE = (à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¾PEà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾incidence mortality rate (acute + Rehab) J43 P263 have) Lower extremity DVT can be anatomically be divided into proximal DVT involving the popliteal vein and proximal veins or distal DVT involving the calf vein and distal veins. [J59] DVT in the paralyzed legs of patients with stroke was reported as early as 1810 by Ferriar and again by Lobstein in 1833. [J45] Pathophysiology of DVT formation According to the Medsurg, Venous return is aided by the calf muscle pump. When the legs are inactive or the pump is ineffective, blood pools by gravity in the veins. Thrombus development is a local process. It begins by platelet adherence to the endothelium. Several factors promote platelet aggregation, including thrombin, fibrin, activated factor X, and catecholamines. In addition, where the platelets adhere to collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is released. ADP is also released from the damaged tissues and disrupted platelets. ADP produces platelet aggregation that results in a platelet plug. Deep vein thrombi vary from 1mm in diameter to long tubular masses filing main veins. Small thrombi are found commonly in the pocket of deep vein valves. As thrombi become larger in diameter and length, they obstruct the veins, the resulting inflammatory process can destroy the valves of the veins; thus; venous insufficiency and postphlebitic syndrome are initiated. Newly formed thrombi may become pulmonary emboli. Probably 24 to 48 hours after formation, thrombi undergo lysis or become organized and adhere to the vessel wall. Lysis diminishes the risk of embolization. Pulmonary emboli, most of which start as thrombi in the large deep veins of the leg, are an acute and potentially lethal complication of DVT. Venous thrombosis is the process of clot (thrombus) formation within veins. Although this can occur in any venous system, the predominant clinical events occur in the vessels of the leg, giving rise to deep vein thrombosis, or in the lungs, resulting in a pulmonary embolus (PE). [J56] In fact, about 90% of DVT are of the ascending type. The potential for embolism depends on the speed and the extent of the dynamic, ascending clot growing process. Almost all clinical PE originate from distal DVT. Only the remaining 10% are derived from clots without connection to the lower leg veins (e.g. isolated iliac vein thrombosis, transfascial great or small saphenous vein thrombosis, subclavian vein thrombosis, or catheter-related thrombosis). [J58] Damage to the epithelial cell lining of the blood vessel is one of the extrinsic factors triggering the clotting cascade. The damaged endothelium attempts to maintain vascular integrity by adhesion and aggregation of platelets. As the clotting cascade continues, the final step is the formation of thrombin, which leads to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and the formation of a fibrin clot. (Arcangelo Peterson, 2006) (from K84, J40: Arcangelo) Abnormal blood clots that adhere to the vessel wall are known as thrombi. These are composed of blood cells, platelets, and fibrin. Arterial thrombi are composed mainly of platelet aggregates and fibrin. Venous thrombi are composed of mainly red blood cells. The difference in composition is caused by the conditions in which the thrombus forms. In the artery, the blood flow is high in comparison with the low flow conditions in the vein. The thrombus may become large enough to interfere with blood flow within the vein or artery. (Mansen McCance, 2002) (from K85, J40: Mansen) If the thrombus detaches from the vessel wall, it becomes an embolus. This mobile clot travels thought the circulation until it lodges in a blood vessel that is smaller than the clot. Distal to this point, blood flow is blocked and tissues or organs are deprived of oxygen and nutrition. (Mansen McCance, 2002). The signs and symptoms associated with an embolus depend on the vein or artery where th clot becomes lodged. (from K85, J40: Mansen) In 1856, Virchow described the factors that predispose to venous thrombosis, including stasis, vascular damage, and hypercoagulability. These three factors are referred to as Virchows triad. Stasis of blood may occur because of immobility, age, obesity, or disease processes. Trauma (including surgery), intravenous (IV) cannulation, medications, and toxins are some of the many sources that may precipitate vascular damage. Hypercoagulability of the blood may be caused by various disease processes and medications. (Mansen McCance, 2002) (from K85, J40: Mansen) Why focus on DVT rather than PE and VTE? A high proportion of patients with DVT also have subclinical PE. [K15, from J45:14] Most of the PE results from DVT (please find literature to support) Since lower limb DVT is the major origin of PE, and the characteristic of prolong bed rest of stroke, this literature review will mainly focus on the DVT at lower limbs. Approximately two thirds of these are below-knee DVTs, in contrast to unselected (nonstroke) patients presenting with symptomatic DVT, in whom the majority are proximal. [J43] Most studies show that PE seems to be much more common in patients with proximal and symptomatic DVT. [K41, from J46:1] Clinical symptoms of DVT were developed by six patients (oedema or pain of the lower extremity, no cases of PE). (out of 28, =21.4%) (J48s result) Why stroke patient easy to have DVT The general stroke population is at risk for DVT because of the following factors. First, there is an alteration in blood flow due to weakness in the lower limb and a resulting hypercoagulable state related to changes in the blood. Second, vessel wall intimal injury occurs related to changes in blood and blood flow. Stroke patients may also have similar symptoms associated with DVT, such as swelling and Homans sign, that may be misinterpreted as being related to the stroke. [J50] Stroke patients are often bed-ridden, especially during the acute phase, because of paresis. [J50] Most of the stroke patients are elderly. (age > ), while aging is a significant factors of the occurrence of DVT. Patients with stroke are at particular risk for developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) because of limb paralysis, prolonged bed rest, and increased prothrombotic activity. [J45 (also code at J51)] Sioson et al. [46] reported 19 DVT events in the paretic limb, nine bilateral events and four contralateral in 32 patients prospectively followed. (K49 from J46:46) Why important to prevent WHO estimates that 15 million people have a stroke every year, and this number is rising. (K91, from J39:2) Venous thromboembolism is a common but preventable complication of acute ischaemic stroke, and is associated with increased mortality and long-term morbidity and substantial health-care costs for its management. (K92, from J39:6) Without venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, up to 75% of patients with hemiplegia after stroke develop deep vein thrombosis and 20% develop pulmonary embolism, (K93, from J39:8) which is fatal in 1-2% of patients with acute ischaemic stroke and causes up to 25% of early deaths after strokes. (K94, from J39:9) low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin are therefore recommended in guidelines from expert consensus groups.10-14 (K95, from J39:10-14) The best treatment for VTE is prevention. [J34] Cause preventable death [J06] Deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) is an important health issue in the hospitalized patients that leads to increased length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. [J50] Early detection of DVT is important because of the risk of pulmonary embolism and its potentially fatal consequences. However, it is well known that clinical features of DVT and PE are notoriously nonspecific. [J09] Despite improvements in prevention (SPARCL 2006), little progress has been made in treating stroke with specific interventions once it has occurred. (K72, from J44) the occurrence of venous thromboembolism was about two-fold higher in patients with an NIHSS score of 14 or more than in those with a score less than 14 (in line with previous studies25) (K99, from J39:25 + J39self) Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or ischemic stroke are at high risk for development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). (K103, from J29:1) In comparison to patients with ischemic stroke, the risk for VTE is higher in the hemorrhagic stroke population. (K104, from J29:2) Without preventative measures, 53% and 16% of immobilized patients develop deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), respectively, in this population. (K105, from J29:3) One study detected DVT in 40% of patients with ICH within 2 weeks and 1.9% of those patients had a PE.4 (K106, from J29:4) Development of VTE in the patient with ICH adds further detrimental complications to an already lethal disease with a 1-month case-fatality rate of 35% to 52%.5 (K107, from J29:5) DVT also prolongs the length of hospital stays, delays rehabilitation programs, and introduces a potential risk for PE. (K108, from J29:6) DVT prolongs hospitalization and increases healthcare costs. [J01] DVT is the pathophysiological precursor of pulmonary embolism (PE). However, half of the DVT cases were asymptomatic. [J01, K1 from J37:18, J37,J27]. Approximately one third of patients with symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) manifest pulmonary embolism (PE), whereas two thirds manifest deep vein thrombosis (DVT) alone. Moreover, death occurs in 6% of DVT cases and 12% of PE cases within 1 month of diagnosis. [J46, J27] Clinically apparent DVT was reported in 1.7% to 5.0% of patients with stroke. Subclinical DVT occurred in 28% to 73% of patients with stroke, usually in the paralyzed limb. [J45] The frequency of asymptomatic PE in patients with DVT to be 40%. [J50] Prevention of VTE is highly effective in lowering the morbidity and mortality rate of stroke patients since PE accounts for up to 25% of post-stroke early deaths. [J43] Bounds JV, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Okazaki H: Mechanisms and timing of deaths from cerebral infarction. Stroke 1981, 12:474-477.The rate of PE is likely to be underestimated because they are not routinely screened for, and autopsies are rarely performed. Fifty percent of patients who die following an acute stroke showed evidence of PE on autopsy. [K68, from J13:7] The annual incidence of DVT in the general population is estimated to be about 1 per 1000 (8), however, it should be noted that much of the published data are derived from patients who present with symptoms at medical institutions. Diagnosis of DVT has traditionally been based on clinical presentation, however, evidence from postmortem studies indicates that a substantial proportion of VTE cases are asymptomatic. [K10 from J55] Clinically apparent DVT confirmed on investigation is less common but DVTs may not be recognised and may still cause important complications. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an important cause of preventable death after stroke [K67, from J13:4]

FDA and Merck :: essays research papers

The FDA and Merck Vioxx Scandal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the news recently, many different companies have been recognized for their unethical practices in their company and towards the public. One of these companies is the FDA and Merck. The FDA, the Federal Drug Administration, is one of the most trusted companies in the pharmaceutical market. This company tests different drugs and gives approval for them to be obtainable to the public. Merck is a company that creates these drugs and then has them tested by the FDA for approval. Some of the drugs that Merck has been known for are Singulair for asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Fosamax for osteoporosis, Cozaar/Hyzaar for high blood pressure, Vioxx and Arcoxia for arthritis and pain, Cancidas for infections, Cosopt for glaucoma, Proscar for benign prostate enlargement, and Maxalt for migraines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, the FDA and Merck have been battling with many facilities and the public over the drug Vioxx. Vioxx was produced to help arthritis pain in patients. The FDA approved the drug that Merck produced and has been in the market for four years, and recently pulled off of it. Evidence is continuing to surface showing the FDA knowingly approved and promoted the drug, and refused to recall it after showing many health risks and deaths because of it. Evidence has also shown Merck trying to hide evidence of heart disease after the FDA has approved it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the FDA and Merck has lied to the public and drawn out many health risks because of drugs that they have approved, it is difficult to come up with an idea that will restore the public’s trust towards both companies. The FDA which was already one of America’s most trusted companies in the medicine industry, has lost the faith that customers always had. To regain the trust of the public, the company could have different public announcements to explain the situation and what occurred with the Vioxx scandal.

Research Paper Outline Examples Essay

Once you’ve already decided what topic you will be writing about, the next thing you should pay attention to is the scope of your paper or what you will be including in your discussion. The broader your topic is, the more difficult it is to discuss your topic in full details. This is why you should establish before hand the scope and limitations of your paper and this will be the foundation of your research paper outline. Basically, your outline will constitute three main parts namely the Introduction, the Body and the Conclusion. But to make sure your paper is complete, consult your instructor for specific parts he/she wants to be included in your research paper. Sample outlines for research papers will be given later on. But first, let us discuss the main parts of your paper and what information each should cover. Introduction The Introduction should contain your thesis statement or the topic of your research as well as the purpose of your study. You may include here the reason why you chose the particular topic or simply the significance of your research paper’s topic. You may also state what type of approach it is that you’ll be using in your paper for the entire discussion of your topic. Generally, your Introduction should state briefly all the major points of your topic your readers will be reading about. Body The body of your paper is where you will be presenting all your arguments to support your thesis statement. Please be reminded of the â€Å"Rule of 3† where you should find 3 supporting arguments for each position you take. Start with a strong argument, followed by a stronger one, and end with the strongest argument as your final point.

The Power of Humor

The Power of Humor Free Online Research Papers Power is a very strong feeling. People have and always will strive for power. The sense of security power gives comforts people. They are not being attacked for their actions but in fact, they are backed by supporters (audience) or attain high morale by making their opposition (women or butt of joke) feel helpless and second-rate. The power struggle between men and women has always existed, and always will. Back when the women’s rights movement was happening, they gained a lot of power, but not enough. To this day women are still patronized and looked down upon as the poor, little, weak, girl image. Even salaries are still not equal to men. Men think of women as raising the kids during the day and being a good house wife, while the dominant man brings home the money to support the family. The word of the man of the house is the rule. Nancy Walker shows some examples how this idea of women is converted into comedy and how in different situations men would react or respond differently. She believes men’s background attributes to the different reactions. A good representation of this is if you see a Chinese or Asian women laugh, they always cover their mouths. This action shows shyness which most women, I believe carry. This also could possibly explain why women are embarrassed to joke and kid in the presence of a man or men. They feel they should not be doing this. When telling a joke, further along the line, someone will be offended. This statement, made by Susan Purdie, compares and contrasts the joke-teller and audience relationship and the torment of the butt of a joke. It is understood joking is a good way to make conversation or to meet people in general. But when joking, discretion is advised. People might get offended. Say for example, when going out with a group of friends who are all white except for one African American. A seemingly harmless joke about African Americans would not be appropriate because that person might get upset. The butt, in most jokes is considered a â€Å"stupid person†, and the teller/audience might distinguish themselves as clever, and or superior. Though this is not very nice, it is common. It is a fact that when a dominant group feels threatened of their power, they will do what they can to prevent the loss power, making them feel secure. Comedy is a language in it self. Comedy can imply an op inion of one person just by the jokes told. Racism can be easily linked in today’s comedy. Comedians poke fun at all sorts of ethnicities based on stereo-types known to public. When a good comedian sets up his act, he wants the audience to back him in his jokes. Once he has reached a certain level of support, he must feel very confident to throw more jokes bordering offensive, because he knows he is untouchable (powerful) with his crowd. Without the crowd, some jokes told would not be allowed to slide so easy. Patriotism is very powerful and is commonly used in jokes to attack all middle-eastern people. Talking about September 11th touches the audience’s memory to accept jokes about middle-eastern people. The power used in these situations is really quite frightening. Research Papers on The Power of HumorWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito The Power of Humor Free Online Research Papers An old legend once said that shortly after Adam was created, he complained: â€Å"O Lord! You have given the lion fierce teeth and claws, and the elephant formidable tusks; you have given the deer swiftness of legs, and the turtle a protective shell; you have given the birds of flight wings, but you have left me altogether defenseless.† And the Lord said unto Adam, â€Å"I shall give you an invisible weapon that will serve you and your children better than any weapons of fight or flight, a power that will save you from even yourself. I shall give you the sense of humor.† (Wilson, 1996). Humor is defined as the quality or content of something such as a story, performance, or joke that elicits amusement and laughter. This unique characteristic has been known to affect the mind, body, and soul for thousands of years. What makes us laugh? There are three traditional theories about what we find humorous. The incongruity theory states that humor occurs when logic and familiarity are replaced by things that don’t normally go together. This means that a joke becomes funny when you expect an outcome and end up with an entirely different one. Now we have two sets of different thoughts that are occurring simultaneously and this incongruity between them are found to be humorous. The second is the superiority theory. This theory comes into play when we laugh because of someone else’s mistakes. It causes us to feel superior to this person and therefore presents laughter. The final theory is the relief theory. Movie-makers tend to have this theory down to a science. The act of building tension and then breaking it with a side comment, comic relief, is an example of the relief theory. We again have the two sets of different thoughts occurring simultaneously, and laughter is our body’s way of breaking that tension. (Marshall). The Power of Humor 3 So what exactly happens when you laugh? As you already know, your body is an amazing invention and your brain, an even greater one. Researchers believe that your brain goes through a series of steps before your body produces laughter. First, the left side of the cortex analyzes the words and structure of the joke. Next, the frontal lobe, which is associated with social emotional responses, becomes very active and the right side of the cortex carries out the intellectual analysis to â€Å"get† the joke. And finally, brainwave activity spreads to the sensory processing area before the simulation of the motor sections evoke physical responses to the joke. (Phinney, 2006). While your brain is inducing laughter, it affects your body in a variety of ways. During the side-splitting commotion, your heart-rate and blood pressure increase (like they do in exercise) and then decrease down to levels below normal. This causes you to breathe deeper and send more oxygen and nutrients throughout your body. Your body’s production of endorphins, t-cells, and b-cells increases. Your thymus enlarges creating more secretion of the hormones used to stimulate the production of infection fighting cells and eases muscle tension and psychological stress. (Wilson, 1996) Humor not only helps us stay physically healthy, but emotionally healthy as well. Being able to laugh at oneself and one’s life is a way to accept and respect oneself. Because this is a positive attribute, lack of a sense of humor is directly affiliated with a low self-esteem. Mental health benefits of laughter consist of a change in behavior for the best, increased energy throughout the day, a replacement of distressing emotions with happy thoughts and feelings, and a great path to unraveling stress by assisting us to view the world with perspective. However, a lack of sense of humor can be detrimental to your The Power of Humor 4 mental health. Because humor helps pull us out of emotional stress, a lack of humor would remove a healthy way for one to feel better. (Marshall). There is no hard physical evidence to support the claim that humor is the best medicine. However, humor is like gravity. You cannot sense humor with any of the five senses just as you cannot with gravity. Whether you believe in it or not, it works. Just as you don’t have to believe in gravity, if you step of a roof, it works! Similarly, you don’t have to believe in the power of humor, but just start laughing and your body gets a healthy boost. (Wilson, 1996). What do we find humorous? There are many factors that cause everyone to find humor in an assortment of places. Experts say the most significant seems to be age. Infants and young children are constantly learning new and exciting things in the world around them. All of these new and surprising discoveries register to them as funny. Jokes that involve cruelty, which boosts their self-assertiveness, are also very appealing to them. As children grow into their pre-teen and teenage years, they tend to laugh more at jokes related to sex, food, authority figures, and anything that is not morally right to do. As teens mature into adults, our sense of humor also matures. The adult sense of humor is more subtle and less judgmental on differences in people. For the most part, adults laugh at and about what stress them out. Another factor in finding humor is the culture or community we are from. There are issues related with every country that may be joked about but might only be understood by t hose from that country. If this is the case and we are not familiar with the situation being joked about, our brain doesn’t â€Å"get† the joke and the laughter response is not triggered. If a joke is registered in the brain and the response The Power of Humor 5 is, â€Å"that’s not funny,† it suggests that the joke was either offensive or the person lacked an experience that tied the joke and the punch line together. (Marshall). Although there is no way to prove the old saying â€Å"humor is the best medicine,† there are many stories and reports that tie the two together. At the trauma center, Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, WA, a man walks around dressed as Dr. Seuss leading chants and humoring patients, staff, and visitors. Therapeutic laughter originated in India not long ago and has unintentionally made its way into this hospital. In the summer of 2000, Tita Begashaw invited posted flyers encouraging a laugh session in front of the hospital. Six years later, Harborview Medical Center’s laugh classes are part of a weekly routine. (Phinney, 2006) A 41-year old man named Tom, after suffering two mild heart attacks, needed to go through the surgical procedure of an angioplasty before he could get back to his normal life. As Tom and the team discussed the procedure, they agreed on using a positive outlook and a sense of humor. Unaware of Tom’s secret humor weapon, the time came and the team wheeled him to the operating room. On the way, Tom pulled out a fuzzy pair of â€Å"groucho glasses† and put them on. One of the nurses played it out as if they were regular glasses, took them and insured they would be right there after the procedure. This little bit of humor stuck with them as a way for Tom to show his belief and support in his team. After the outstanding success of the operation, Tom later told of how big a role humor had played in getting him through this frightening experience. (Wilson, 1996). The Power of Humor 6 There is an international clearinghouse for news, information, and ideas about therapeutic laughter. This worldwide organization is called the World Laughter Tour. Its goal is to lead the world to health, happiness, and peace through laughter. Although this is probably the largest laughter club, there are many others in every state. The WLT offers a training program on â€Å"How to Create Therapeutic Laughter and Laughter Clubs.† The program prepares you to be a qualified leader for laughter clubs and other therapeutic laughter activities by teaching you everything from the science of laughter to the group dynamics of a laughter group. This is a very helpful program in the ways it helps people lower their stress, take life a little more lightly and most importantly, switch on the power of healing. (Wilson, 2008). The saying goes, â€Å"Angels can fly because they take life so lightly.†-Anonymous. The observation of humor’s effects on the mind and body has been greatly increased over the past decade. No one knows its true outcomes, or if it really is the â€Å"best medicine.† but we do know how it affects the body. If you are ever find yourself in an overly-stressed situation, try to find something humorous in it. Now that you have a new prospective on the situation, you might find that you are more relaxed and less stressed. The Power of Humor 7 References Marshall, Brian. How Laughter Works. http://people.howstuffworks.com/laughter.htm/printable Phinney, Susan. (2006). Humor has fans in medical circles. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/health/262840_laughter14.html Sultanoff, Steven M. (1995). What is Humor? aath.org/articles/art_sultanoff01.html Wilson, Steve. (1996). Humor and healing: The invisible weapon. worldlaughtertour.com/pdfs/02%20INVISIBLE%20WEAPON.pdf Wilson, Steve. (2008). World Laughter Tour History. worldlaughtertour.com/sections/about/history.asp Research Papers on The Power of HumorWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCapital Punishment

January Reflections Example

January Reflections Example January Reflections – Essay Example Leadership Introduction In leadership, a leader should exhibit a number of characteristics. A good leader is one who portrays a set of characteristics that not only enable the individual perform their leadership function, but also relate well with their subjects. Such characteristics include servant leadership, charisma and social intelligence. A servant leader is one who shares their power with other individuals. Such a leader puts the needs of other people as their first priority. A servant leader is initially a servant. Such a leader usually has a natural feeling of serving individuals first, then performing their leadership roles later. This conscious choice is what aspires the individual to lead. Social intelligence in leadership is the ability of a leader negotiating complex social relationships and environments. Social intelligence is what defines humans. A leader therefore should possess social intelligence. With social intelligence, a leader is able to understand and manage well the relations of boys and girls, men and women by acting wisely during human relations. Charisma is the attribute in an individual that brings a compelling charm, which aspires devotion in others. Charisma may also be a divinely conferred talent and power. Great leaders have charisma and many subjects are charmed by the leader’s charisma. Perception on the Interview Donald trump, a successful business magnet in New York, America portrays a number of leadership characteristics in his interview at ABC News. Trump, for instance, portrays strong confidence in his personality. He speaks confidently about the great company that he has built over the years which has a staggering net worth of over $10 billion. He confidently boasts of beating a lot of smart people in the country by doing so. Trump shows high levels of social intelligence during the interview. When asked on his opinion about other politicians, he chooses his words well when describing his thoughts about them. He tactfully evades the question on the validity of Obama’s birth certificate. A great leader should portray high levels of social intelligence since the leadership office demands a lot of such. A leader for instance, shall be dealing with a lot of conflicts on a daily basis and as such, should have social intelligence. Trump, in his interview, brings out a strong sense of charisma. He is the type of individual that leaves a viewer impressed or inspires to be like him. When trump talks about building his business, he further states that the future of the country should be like the success of his business and implies that is exactly what he shall do once in office. Lastly, trump shows levels of servant leadership in him. He talks of being concerned about America’s economy being ripped by China and other countries. His concern of fixing his country’s economy first before other things not only shows that he has servant leadership traits in him, but also portrays high levels of patriotism for his country. Conclusion Leaders have the role of steering a country. Just like trump said in the interview, individuals need to choose the correct candidate. A candidate who portrays good leadership skills, patriotism and love for his country is a good leader. When choosing a leader, citizens should be very keen in order for them to make the right choice. References Donald Trump This Week Interview. (2013). Retrieved from: youtube.com/watch?v=FC_wapgQLxw. Accessed on [15.02.2014]

Health and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health and Safety Management - Essay Example However, such implementation is a far goal that needs to be built upon by first applying other small quality and safety management techniques and policy to achieve a level where one can say that we can do without accidents. Being the Safety Manager it would be difficult to set an unrealistic goal that requires more time and expertise to achieve. Hence I disagree with such an ostentatious goal for a high hazard chemical firm. However, it is not impossible but it needs to be worked upon slowly at first through various other policies. If a high goal is set it would first affect the workers they would be put under extreme pressure that might hinder their work efficiency as well as effectiveness. They need to be properly trained and equipped with the knowledge of undergoing and implementing Zero Accident policy which cannot be achieved in a year’s time let alone derive the desired result of no accidents in a year. This would also require full collaboration and cooperation of all de partments of the firms and their time to first identify and lay down their activity maps and flows and then identify the hazardous situations then look for alternatives and safe ways in doing them and finally implementing the change. All of this is a tedious task that requires various phases and is not likely to be done in a year’s time.

Unit V Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit V Assignment - Essay Example In the end, it becomes a national health problem and later turns out to be an international problem (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). The journal also provides the various health effects that are caused by environmental pollution. Perinatal disorders, infant mortality, respiratory diseases, allergies, cardiovascular disorders, stress oxidative, and mental disorders are some of the most dangerous disorders brought about by pollution. Bearing this in mind, the authors are of the notion that every individual should take action and control the environment. The authors also use scientific knowledge to strengthen their allegation on the adverse effects of environmental pollution (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). In conclusion, the authors call for the increase of awareness on the effects of pollution to the public to help in mitigating pollution. They also call on the health professionals take the initiative to help prevent and reduce the harmful effects of environment factors (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). Kelishadi. R, Mirghaffari. N, Poursafa. P & Gidding. S, Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children,† Atherosclerosis, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 311–319, 2009. Loux N., Su Y. & Hassan S., â€Å"Issues in assessing environmental exposures to manufactured nanomaterial’s,† International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.8, no. 9, pp. 3562–3578,